SYNONYMS ANTONYMS HOMONYMS Paradigmatic relations exist

SYNONYMS. ANTONYMS. HOMONYMS

Paradigmatic relations exist between individual lexical items which make up one of the subgroups of vocabulary and define the word-meaning through its interrelation with other member of the subgroup in question. There can be closed and open subgroups (personal pronouns : : verbs of movement) Synonyms belong to open paradigmatic groups of lexical units.

The term synonymy means: two or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts, but different in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotations, style, valency and idiomatic use.

Synonyms are grouped together according to the principle of similarity (sameness) of meaning: SLEEP (n) - a natural periodic loss of consciousness during which the body restores itself Synonyms: slumber(s), rest, nap, doze, kip, snooze, repose, hibernation, siesta, dormancy, beauty sleep, forty winks, shuteye, zizz (Collins English Dictionary)

slumber(s) – sleep, esp. peaceful, very deep rest – repose, sleep nap – a short, light sleep doze – a short sleep kip – (Br. slang) sleep or slumber snooze – (infml. ) a short, light sleep, esp. during the day repose – a state of quiet restfulness; peace or tranquillity hibernation – passing the winter in a dormant condition siesta – a rest or nap, us. taken in the early afternoon, as in hot countries dormancy – quietness and inactivity, as during sleep beauty sleep – (infml. ) sleep, esp. sleep before midnight forty winks – (infml. ) a short light sleep; nap shuteye – (slang) informal term for sleep zizz – (Br. infml. ) a short sleep, nap

One hour's sleep before midnight is worth two after. Cats sleep an average of 16 hours a day, with twothirds of the time spent in light sleep and a third in deep slumber. Courier, Sunday Mail (2004) I could barely make it through the day without having a mid-day nap. canada. com (2004) Manchester United's boss delivered his nononsense message just in case any of his stars were thinking of a doze in the comfort zone. Sun, News of the World (2004) `Told'em I was having a kip in the rest-room so I didn't hear or see a thing. Forsythe, Malcolm, The Book Lady (1993)

Polysemy and Synonyms If a word has several meanings, each of them can have its own synonym: SLEEP: 1: the natural periodic suspension of consciousness during which the powers of the body are restored (nap, repose, kip, rest…) 2: a state resembling sleep: inactivity; death; trance; coma; hibernation (inertness; end; daydreaming; blackout; winter sleep)

There exist series of synonymic words – synonymic sets. The most general word is the synonymic dominant. It contains the specific features rendered by all the other members of the group. The characteristic features of the dominant synonym can be: high frequency of usage broad combinability broad general meaning lack of connotations.

Find the synonymic dominant 1. ADJ. - attractive, beauteous, bonny (also bonnie), comely, cute, drop-dead, fair, fetching, beautiful, good-looking, goodly, gorgeous, handsome, knockout, lovesome, pretty, ravishing, stunning 2. NOUN - character, identity, individualism, personality, selfhood, self-identity 3. VERB - dash, gallop, jog, run, scamper, sprint, trip, trot 4. ADVERB - laggardly, leisurely, pokily, slowly, sluggishly, tardily

Types of synonyms ideographic - words conveying the same notion, but different in shades of meaning (glance “a look which is quick and sudden”, glimpse is quicker still, implying only momentary sight, peep “a brief furtive glimpse at something that is hidden” - the difference is based on time and quickness of action); stylistic - differing in stylistic characteristics (snack, bite - coll. , snap - dial. , repast, refreshment, feast - formal) absolute - coinciding in all their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics (noun - substantive, functional affix - inflection)

A more modern approach is based on the definition of synonyms as words differing in connotations: the connotation of degree/intensity (to like - to love - to adore) the connotation of duration (to shudder (brief) - to shiver (lasting)) the emotive connotations (alone - single - lonely - solitary) the evaluative connotation (well-known - famous - notorious - celebrated) the causative connotation (to blush (from modesty) - to redden (from anger or indignation)) the connotation of manner (to stroll - to stride - to trot - to pace) the connotation of attended circumstances (sleep - siesta) the connotation of attended features (pretty - handsome - beautiful) stylistic connotations (sleep - shuteye)

SOURCES OF SYNONYMY borrowing from other languages: simple native words are stylistically neutral, literary words borrowed from French and learned words of Greco-Latin origin - to ask - to question - to interrogate word-formation: white - whitish; comfortable - comfy; doctor - doc; to reject - to turn down shift of meaning, or the so-called euphemism in which by a shift of meaning a word of more or less pleasant or at least inoffensive connotation becomes synonymous to the one that is harsh, obscene, indelicate or otherwise unpleasant to die : : be no more : : be gone : : lose one’s life : : breathe one’s last : : join the silent majority : : go the way of all flesh : : pass away : : be gathered to one’s fathers : : kick the bucket

PC (political correctness) or linguistic tact: bald - differently hair-suit intoxicated - chemically inconvenienced false teeth - alternative dentation(s) lie - terminological inexactitude cancer - the big C used cars - pre-owned vehicles

It has been observed that when a particular word is given a transferred meaning its synonyms tend to develop along parallel lines - radiation of synonyms. It has been also found that subjects prominent in the interests of a community tend to attract a large number of synonyms. The linguistic phenomenon is usually described as the law of synonymic attraction.

Antonymy Antonyms are two or more words of the same language belonging to the same semantic field, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and often used together so that their denotative meanings render contradictory or contrary notions. Contradictory notions are mutually opposed and denying one another (dead : : alive, single : : married, perfect : : imperfect). Contrary notions are also mutually opposed, but they are gradable (old : : middle-aged : : young).

According to the morphological approach antonyms are classified into: absolute antonyms (root words - right : : wrong) Absolute antonyms are polar members of a gradual opposition which may have intermediary members. derivational antonyms - with the presence of negative affixes (happy : : unhappy). There’s one further type of semantic opposition, which is termed conversives (vectorial antonyms). They denote one and the same referent or situation as viewed from different standpoints, with a reversal of the order of participants or their roles (to give flowers : : to receive flowers, buy : : sell)

“That’s a super orchestra. The conductor is really bad!” Kate looked at him in momentary confusion, then her brow cleared. “Ah, I presume that means he’s good. ” (S. Sheldon)

Homonymy When two or more unrelated meanings are associated with the same form the words are called homonyms. Homonyms are identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and (in many cases) origin. As a rule only one of the possible meanings is determined by the context, so that no ambiguity may normally rise: “What do you do with the fruit? ” “We eat what we can, and what we can’t eat we can”.

The most widely accepted classification of homonyms is into homonyms proper, homophones and homographs. Homonyms proper are words identical in pronunciation and spelling (back, n “part of the body”: : back, adv “away from the front” : : back, v “to go back”). Homophones are words of the same sound but of different spelling and meaning (buy : : by, knight : : night, piece : : peace, write : : right, storey : : story). The playwright on my right thinks it right that some conventional rite should symbolize the right of every man to write as he pleases. Homographs are words different in sound and in meaning but accidentally identical in spelling (bow [bou] : : bow [bau], wind [wind] : : wind [waind], lead [li: d] : : lead [led].

The origin of homonyms disintegration, or split of polysemy: table - piece of furniture table - a graph homonymy through convergent sound development, when two or three words of different origin accidentally coincide in sound: right - rite

How would you call the linguistic phenomenon that is used in the following jokes? Customer; I would like a book, please. Bookseller: Something light? Customer: That doesn’t matter. I have my car with me. Which is the strongest day of the seven? – Sunday, because the other six are week days. Waiter! Yes, sir. What’s this? It’s bean soup, sir. No matter what it’s been. What is it now?

Non-semantic grouping alphabetical organization of written words; rhyming organization; based on the length or the number of letters the words contain; based on a statistical analysis of the frequency of words)

СПАСИБО ЗА ВНИМАНИЕ!