Synchronizing Clocks at Armageddon Sunday June 20 Archeology

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Synchronizing Clocks at Armageddon Sunday June 20: Archeology Workshop on Archaeological Dating Megiddo, Israel, 20 - 22 June 2010 11: 00 -13: 00 Ramat Hashofet: chair Steve Weiner 11: 00 -12: 00 Opening talk: “Why are we here? ” Eli Piasetzky and Israel Finkelstein, TAU 12: 00 -13: 00 “Never ask a potsherd its age: from pottery to relative chronology" Eran Arie, TAU Ramat Hashofet: Lunch Next: 16: 30 -18: 30 Detailed tour of Area H

Synchronizing Clocks at Armageddon Workshop on Archaeological Dating Megiddo, Israel, 20 - 22 June 2010 WHY ARE WE HERE? Eli Piasetzky and Israel Finkelstein

Outline The importance of absolute chronology. The accuracy needed The idea of the workshop: join forces for a combined analysis. What can we do here to facilitate such an effort ? Founding Israel Eli (Include spelling mistakes)

The importance of absolute chronology; cases in which archaeology and text converge

The case of biblical history

The case of Greece and the Levant in the Iron Age

The case of Egyptian historical chronology, Tell ed-Daba in the delta of the Nile and the destruction of Thera in the Aegean basin

Why here at Megiddo: Four destructions in 400 years

Stratigraphy of Megiddo; destructions in blue L-2, H-3 IVA Iron IIB Hazor V, Beth-shean V K-2, L-3, H-5, H-6 VA Late Iron IIA Hazor X-IX, Rehov IV, Rehov V, destruction at Beth-shean K-3, H-7, H-8 VB Early Iron IIA Rehov VI K-4, M-4, H-9 Late Iron I K-5, M-5, H-10, 11 VIB Early-Middle Iron I Hazor XII-XI K-6, M-6, H-12 VIIA End of Late Bronze III Beth-shean VIA

Why are we here? K 6, M 6, H 12 VIIA K 4, M 4, H 9 VIA H 5 VA-IVB H 3 IVA

radiocarbon dating: The invention of radiocarbon Dating W. F. Libby, 1945 W. F. Libby and J. Arnold, Science 110 (1946) 678 W. F. Libby, Radiocarbon dating (U. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1955) In this workshop: Monday 9: 30 -13: 00 Elisabetta Boaretto Walter Kutchera

Radiocarbon measurements are reported in terms of : “Years before present “ y. BP Age calculated Assuming: Atmospheric 14 C/12 C is constant as it was in 1950 (and the half-life of 14 C is 5568 years). Uncertainties in measurements of a sample from this period: Conventional radiometric measurement: 15 -20 years (1 σ). AMS: 50 -70 years (1 σ). The problem is translating the results to Calendar age. Complications are due to the variations in the radiocarbon concentration in the atmosphere

radiocarbon dating: Calibration using known dendro-chronological dates. Stuiver M. , P. J. Reimer and T. F. Braziunas 1998 Radiocarbon 40(3) 1127 -1151 Bristlecone Pines in the U. S. A Waterlogged Oaks in Ireland Germany Allow extension of the calibration over the last 11, 000 years.

Problems due to the calibration procedure: The calibration curve has an uncertainty of about 10 years in this period that increases the overall uncertainty. Several possible ranges. Extended ranges The calibration destroy the “normal distributions” nature of the results.

Lachish III was destroyed in Sennacherib's campaign against Judah 701 BCE. The pottery assemblage of Lachish III (Iron IIB) clearly is later than that of Beth-Shemesh 3 (Iron IIA/B). Narrowing 14 C according to constrains which stem from the Assyrian records (766 -551) (766 -745) BCE

Improving the 14 C laboratory measurement do not help so much 68% range

14 C measurement and another independent measurement Assuming the other measurement yield 750± 100 BCE (σ=100 years) 68% range is: 775 -609 BCE (166 years) Assuming the other measurement yield 750± 50 BCE (σ=50 years) 68% range is: 776 -724 BCE (52 years)

THE NEW TEL REHOV 14 C READINGS: VI V Shishak’s campaign IV TWO ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS WITH THE SAME CALIBRATION CURVE THE TEL REHOV TEAM (CONVENTIONAL CHRONOLOGY) Bruins et al. , Science 2003 300: 315 -318 VI V IV FINKELSTEIN-PIASETZKY (LOW CHRONOLOGY) Israel Finkelstein and Eli Piasetzky Science Oct 24 2003: 568.

Source Mazar et al. 2005 Average Dates Type of sample Site + stratum No. Lab 2761± 14 2755± 35 2800± 50 Grain Powder Rehov VI N 27366 A 21043 A 21054 A 21182 Gr PGC Gr AMS The average uncalibrated date is: 2768 ± 12 y. BP. 27 years 47 years 32 years 48 years

combined analysis Do not beat them, join them The main motto of the workshop: Not need to find a better / alternative methods to radiocarbon. Combining the information from different methods can increase the overall dating accuracy and reliability. Even methods that yield results which are less accurate than radiocarbon can improve significantly our overall dating capability.

Radiocarbon: Elisabetta Boaretto and Walter Kutchera Temporal variation of the Earth’s magnetic field: Amotz Agnon Luminescence Noami Porat RHX Miora Wilson and Christopher Hall What can we do here to facilitate a combined effort ?

Israel Science Foundation : Inter Universities Research Centers “The program is designed to support excellent research groups, particular ly in universities, in order to promote broad research activity at the highest level on a large scale…to develop innovative research areas in basic research in universities and encourage research initiatives - disciplinary. ” “The program requires participation of several research teams of independent joint project. ” “Support research focus is eight years” “The first period of the grant funding (4 years) is up $ 1. 5 million in the Natural Sciences and $ 750, 000 in the Humanities and Social. Sciences” ~400, 000 $ / year EU options ? Submission dead line: 1 Dec 2010