SYNCHRONIC VARIATIONS MAY BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY DIACHRONIC

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SYNCHRONIC VARIATIONS MAY BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY DIACHRONIC CHANGES Zhongde Zhao

n n wife /waɪf/ seen /siːn/ break /breɪk/ name /neɪm/ house /haʊs/ spoon /spuːn/ broke /brəʊk/

The Great Vowel Shift n n n n Words mice mouse geese goose break broke ME miːs → muːs → ɡeːs → ɡoːs → brɛːken brɔːken Mo. E maɪs maʊs ɡiːs ɡuːs → breːk → broːk

n n n English German Danish house mouse louse out brown huːʔs huːs muːʔs muːs luːʔs luːs uːʔð uːt bruːʔn bruːn haʊs maʊs laʊs aʊt braʊn Swedish

Fusional Assimilation (Coalescence) n n n Latin Spanish English ɑidifikium ɑikwalem kɑusa pɑupere edifisio egual kosa pobre edifice equal objects poor

n n n foot father foal fisherman fowl pedal, pedestrian, peddler pater, paternal pony pisciculture, piscator poultry

The First Consonant Shift Grimm’s Law n n n voiceless stops /p t k/ > voiceless fricatives /f θ x (h)/ voiced stops /b d ɡ/ > voiceless stops /p t k/ voiced aspirated stops /bh dh ɡh/ > voiced stops /b d ɡ/

n n n n n Indo-European bhrāter bhlē dheiɡhdhwerɡhedɡhaidoabeldwō dekm ɡenəɡwenpūrpeltreyes terskerdkel- Germanic (English) brother blow dough door get goat apple two ten kin queen fire fell (animal hide) three thirst heart hall, hell

n n /m/: 每、梅、莓、霉、酶 /h/ : 海、悔、晦、诲杨各庄、李格庄、马戈庄、赵哥庄杨家庄、李家庄

n “房” n “陈” n “奸” 厦门话 [pɔŋ]或[paŋ] 福州话 [puŋ] 厦门话 [tin] 福州话 [tiŋ] 上海话 [ke] 广州话、长沙话、南昌话 [kan]

Chinese n n n n 婦負分罰閥伐佛 Korean Japanese fu fu fən fa fa fa fo pu pu pun pol pol pu pu pu patu putu

Chinese n n n n 凡煩犯房肪防妨茯 Korean Japanese fan fan faŋ faŋ fu pom pon pom paŋ paŋ pok pon pon pou pou pulu

n n n 普 [ɸu] 怖 [ɸu] 被 [hi] 彼 [hi] 裴 [hai] 捧 [hou]

n Thank you very much for your attention!

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