Sustainable Chemistry and Industrial Ecology T. E. Graedel Yale University
The Chemical Industry Approach to Chemistry and the Sustainable Enterprise: “Responsibility” (Responsible Care, Responsibility Reports, etc. )
The Chemical Industry Vision of “Responsible” Community interactions Cordial Emissions Low Inputs Products Cheap Lots and lots
Glaxo. Smith. Kline CO 2 Emissions
Glaxo. Smith. Kline VOC Emissions
The Chemical Industry Vision of “Responsible” Community interactions Cordial Emissions Low Inputs Products Cheap Lots and lots
Expanding the Scope of Responsible Action
Stages of the Life-Cycle Materials Preparation Reactant #1 Mfr. Virgin Materials Extraction Product Mfr. Materials Preparation Reactant #2 5 1 Customer Use Refurbish? Mfr. Ship 2 Package Discard xx MH 5 M 1430 N 29 5 5 4 3
Kalundborg, DK: Industrial Symbiosis Pathways Statoil Refinery A-S Bioteknisk Jordrens Sulfur Sludge Water Asnaes Power Station Water Farms Sludge (treated) Yeast slurry Municipality of Kalundborg District heating Scrubber Sludge Steam Lake Tissø Steam Gas Water Cooling water Waste water Liquid Fertilizer Pharmaceutical Wall-board Plant Heat Fly ash Fish farming Cement; roads Recovered nickel and vanadium
Responsible Action may not equal Sustainability
Sustainability - Meeting the needs of people living on Earth while nurturing and restoring the planet’s life support systems - Board on Sustainable Development, 1999
What is it that we want to sustain? For whom? For how long?
What should be sustained? • Environmental scientists: Earth systems • Ecologists: Ecological systems • Economists: Earth products (ores, minerals) • Humanists: Human systems
What does the chemical industry want to sustain? • The right to operate • Feedstocks • Suppliers (process equipment, catalysts, etc. ) • Customers
Sustainability Challenge #1 Everything is connected to everything else, so sustainability is a group project
The Sector Sequence EXTRACTION MATERIAL PROCESSING INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT MFR. If. INAL PRODUCT MFR. PRODUCT DELIVERY FOREST PRODUCTS METAL SMELTING & REFINING METAL FABRICATION INORGANIC CHEMICALS, SAND & GLASS SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS CONSTRUCTION METAL MINING INORGANIC MINERAL EXTRACTION PRODUCT ASSEMBLY PACKAGING & SHIPPING AGRICULTURE PETROLEUM EXTRACTION PETROLEUM REFINING, PETROCHEMICALS ELECTRONIC FABRICATION PLASTICS FABRICATION NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION POWER GENERATION COAL MINING TEXTILES Process And Product Reuse Options Customer From Various FOOD PROCESSING To RECYCLING Customer
Sustainability Challenge #2 In most cases, the limits we are approaching remain uncertain
Lake Powell, CO before and after drought
Sustainability Challenge #3 Notwithstanding our difficulties in determining limits, there are increasing signs that our society and the planet is approaching limits
Limits to Feedstocks: Crude Oil Price, $/bbl
Limits to Emissions: Melting Glaciers
The Copper Cycle: Studying Human Use of Resources
Global Copper Use, 1700 -2000 16 14 (Tg/year) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1700 1750 1800 1850 Year 1900 1950 2000
IMPORT/EXPORT PROCESSING ORE STAF Project © Yale University 2004 FABRICATION ENVIRONMENT USE WASTE DISCARD MGT.
Data Sources Databases - UN Comtrade -. . . Periodicals - Minerals yearbook -. . . Data Archive Personal Contacts - auto industry -. . . Trade Organizations - ICSG -. . .
Japan Waste Management Units: Gg/yr © STAF Project, Yale University
Japan Copper cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows, 1990 s © STAF Project, Yale University Units: Gg/yr
Zambia’s Copper Cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows, 1994 Units: Gg/yr
China’s Copper Cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows, 1994 Units: Gg/yr
Computing Resource Stock in Use: Copper in Cities
Quantifying stock per capita Step 1: Determine content of major reservoirs Typical auto – 21 kg Cu Typical house – 200 kg Cu
Quantifying stock per capita Step 2: Multiply by the number of units in the reservoirs
Copper Stock per capita 170 kg Cu North America 35 kg Cu Beijing
Copper Stock and Copper Need 170 kg Cu North America Beijing 1. 7 Pg Cu Global need 170 kg Cu
Limits to Materials: Copper Stock and Copper Supply 170 kg Cu 35 kg Cu North America Beijing 1. 6 Pg Cu 1. 7 Pg Cu Global need Global resource
Final Thoughts • “Responsible” action is a good thing • Sustainability demands a broader perspective, and probably more effort, than responsible action • The quantification of sustainability is a work in progress
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