Survival techniques Survival techniques All seafarers should be

Survival techniques

Survival techniques All seafarers should be able to: communicate on elementary safety matters understand safety information symbols, signs and alarm signals know what to do if a person falls overboard know what to do if fire or smoke is detected know what to do if the fire or abandon ship alarm is sounded identify muster and embarkation stations and emergency escape routes locate and don life-jackets raise the alarm and have basic knowledge of the use of portable fire extinguishers take immediate action upon encountering an accident or other medical emergency close and open the fire weather tight and watertight doors

What does it depend on? survival Foreknowledge Preparedness Survival gear, equipment, appliances Communication Safety course Signals Emergency behaviour Emergency drills Escape stations, routes

Emergency signals Alarms are sounded by either the vessel's whistle or alarm bell, or both. Muster stations Designated areas where you are to go when an emergency signal sounds. Drills Safety trainings Life –saving equipment Equipment on board for the safety of the crew and passengers Emergency Marine Distress Signals Any signal that is used to indicate that a vessel is in distress

Emergency signals Two blasts Seven short blasts One short blast

Alarms are sounded by either the vessel's whistle or alarm bell, or both. Two blasts separated by a short pause, then repeated - only crew attend. Seven short blasts, followed by one long blast, then repeated -- report fully dressed, with your life jacket, to your allocated muster station. One short blast followed by one long blast, sounded at least three times in succession -- abandon ship; follow the crew's instructions. Emergency signals

Muster stations location notice explain the Emergency or the drill Proceed head count

Muster stations Muster stations are designated areas where you are to go when an emergency signal sounds.

Drills attend prepared and equipped follow instructions

Life –saving equipment 1. Life jackets cabin and muster-station whistle, retro-reflective tape and a light tighten the straps legs first and body straight buoyancy

Life –saving equipment 2. Lifebuoys self-igniting lights buoyant line combined light and orange smoke signal wing of the bridge.

Life –saving equipment 3. Immersion suits reduce the loss of body heat over warm clothing. inflatable supporting collar. approved life jackets as a normal overall Fasten the waterproof zip pull the hood turn valve anti-clockwise and press down adopt a crouching position

Life –saving equipment 4. Life rafts enclosed fibreglass containers board in the water Hydrostatic device vary in size Launching Life Boat Davits Davit-launched life rafts board at deck level painter davit winch sufficient lifeboat

Emergency Marine Distress Signals Parachute rockets smoke signals handflares light-smoke signals orange colored smoke pull-wire ignited burning time of 2 hours

Safety Drills Life-boat drills Lifebuoys Life-saving equipment Fire-fighting drills Life-boats Life jackets Life rafts Immersion suits

Life jackets Fitted with : straps Side-tapes pad whistle retro-reflective tape light

Life jackets Lifejackets are located in each cabin and at the muster-station for lifeboats and life rafts. There are also lifejackets forward and in the Radio Room. Each jacket is fitted with a whistle, retro-reflective tape and a light powered by a water-activated battery. You must know how to wear your life jacket correctly; instructions are displayed in your cabin.

Lifebuoys self-igniting lights buoyant line combined light orange smoke signal

Immersion suits reduce the loss of body heat reduce shock on entering cold water cover the wearer's body with the exception of the face should be worn over warm clothing have an inherent buoyancy have an inflatable supporting collar.

Immersion suits

Immersion suits Neoprene Mouth & Nose Mask Buddy Line Glove with over Mitten

To put it on : Immersion suits - Take the suit out of its bag and fully open. - Put it on as a normal overall - Avoid damaging the suit - Kneel to fasten the leg zips Fasten the waterproof zip fully to the neck and pull the hood over your head. - To vent the suit, turn valve anti-clockwise and press down -To vent all air, adopt a crouching position and operate the valve

Life rafts inflatable strapped to deck fittings fibreglass containers hydrostatic release

Life rafts are carried in enclosed fibreglass containers inflatable life rafts are strapped to deck fittings are designed to be thrown overboard and boarded in the water vary in size from a 4-man up to a 42-man

Life rafts 1. Shackle 2. Lifting arrangement/suspension straps (fitted on davit-launched liferafts only) 3. Rainwater catchment and collecting unit. 4. Internal grab line 5. Suspension strap 6. Patch for lifting arrangement 7. Upper buoyancy tube 8. Lower buoyancy tube 9. External grab line 10. Stabilizing pockets

Life rafts 11. Floor in middle 12. Floor at bottom 13. Boarding ladder 14. C02 cylinder 15. Arch tube 16. External, automatically activated light 17. Internal, automatically activated light 18. Arch tube 19. Inner canopy 20. Outer canopy

Life rafts 21. Retro-reflective tape 22. Viewing port 23. Double floor 24. Bilge arrangement 25. Drain 26. Double zip closure 27. Emergency pack

Launching Remove all lift-out railings or safety chains Wind the davit outboard keeping the hook secured inboard Position the life raft, attach bowsing lines and the inflation line Attach the davit hook to the life raft suspension link Lock the hook Operate the davit winch to pull the life raft outboard Inflate the raft by pulling on the painter When fully inflated, adjust the securing lines and inspect the raft Embark personnel Release the securing lines Check that the water below is clear Lower the life raft using the davit winch Pull the red lanyard when the life raft nears the water Hold the painter Secure the life raft to any other rafts nearby Untie or cut any lines joining the life raft to the vessel.

EMERGENCY ALARM consists of seven (7) short blasts followed by a long blast Stop working immediately Secure your working place Put on your lifejacket Proceed immediately to our assigned lifeboat station Await further orders Put on or bring along warm clothing Take your identification papers Do everything as quickly as possible Enter the lifeboat when ordered by the Lifeboat Commander Follow his instructions Remember that only the Master issues the order 'Abandon Ship' Do not loose your head and panic Remember your instructions and follow them

Abandon Ship Put on as much warm clothing Replace heavy boots or shoes with soft-soled footwear Put on an immersion suit and life jacket Take anti-seasickness tablets Drink as much water as possible Avoid jumping into the water If you have to jump, get out of the water as soon as possible.

Entering the water Board survival craft directly from the vessel's deck or by using the embarkation ladders. If this is not possible, use a rope or fire hose in preference to jumping If you have to jump, enter the water from the lowest possible point of the vessel If the ship is listing to one side, try to leave by the bow, or the stern if the propeller is not turning Ensure that your life jacket is securely tied Keep your elbows to your side and cover your nose and mouth with one hand while holding the wrist with the other hand If it is necessary to jump onto a survival craft (and this should be avoided if at all possible), care should be taken to avoid jumping onto people already in the craft Shoes and sharp objects should be removed first

Righting a life raft When an inflatable life raft inflates upside down it may be righted by one person in the following manner: 1. Pull the raft around until the gas bottle is down-wind. 2. Climb onto the inverted floor of the raft. 3. Set your feet on the gas bottle and heave the raft over by pulling on the righting strap.

Surviving aboard the life raft 1. Remain secured to it unless fire or some other danger; 2. Keep you closest to your distress position and to be spotted easier both visually and on the radar; two rafts - to tie together with doubled rescue line, leave adequate slack between the rafts 3. Look for other survivors Listen for whistles To swim to a survivor, use a safety line 4. In order to cut the raft free of the vessel, check your sea anchor to have been deployed automatically 5. Close the life raft entrance to keep in the warmth. Leave only a small opening for ventilation. Post a look-out.

Surviving aboard the life raft 6. Inspect the life raft for damage. If there are leaks, use the repair clamps. Take seasickness tablets as soon as possible 7. Make sure EPIRB is working. 8. use distress flares and rockets sparingly 9. Lash down all gear. 10. Never waste your distress signals, flash light batteries

Establish the routine Assign one-hour watches in pairs OUTSIDE a. Look for ships, survivors, aircraft and useful wreckage. b. Flash the signaling mirror when there is sunshine. c. Look for land. At night, listen for surf. INSIDE a. Maintain the life raft (bailing, drying, ventilation, etc.) b. Attend to injury victims. c. Maintain equipment. d. Keep rations.

Emergency Marine Distress Signals Parachute Rockets have an altitude of 300 meters, burns for 40 seconds and has a light intensity of 30,000 candela

Emergency Marine Distress Signals Smoke Signals This safety signal is buoyant and safe for use on oil or petroleum covered water. It gives off an orange colored smoke and lasts for four minutes.

Emergency Marine Distress Signals Handflares This pull-wire ignited handflare is red in color, burns for 60 seconds and has a light intensity of 15,000 candela. It is drip proof while burning to ensure the safety of the user.

Emergency Marine Distress Signals Light-smoke Signal This man -over -board -lifebuoy marker is safe for use in oil or petroleum covered water. It has a burning time of 2 hours, and a light intensity of 2 candela. It also emits an orange colored smoke lasting 15 minutes.

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) Direct Speech Reported Speech “We will do it tomorrow,” they said They said that they would do it the next day ” I can't stand him," she said She said that she couldn't stand him “I have cooked a delicious meal,” she said She said that she had cooked a delicious meal He said, "I have to give Ken a call." He said he had to give Ken a call.

Types of indirect speech Direct speech: "We will come back later," they said. Indirect speech: They said that they would come back later. Statement Question Direct speech: "Why are you so upset?" he asked. "Are you feeling alright?" Indirect speech: He asked why I was so upset and if I was feeling alright. Request Direct speech: "Close the door please," she said Indirect speech: She asked me to close the door.

Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers She said, "I want to bring my children“. becomes She said she wanted to bring her children. Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." becomes Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show. She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow.“ becomes She said she wanted to bring her children the next day. Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday.“ becomes Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.

Indirect Questions She asked, "Do you want to come with me?" becomes She asked me if I wanted to come with her. Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" becomes Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend. He asked, "Why are you studying English?" becomes She asked me why I was studying English.

What is the best way to complete the sentences? 1) I asked her xxx. what is the answer what the answer what was the answer what the answer was 2) Can you tell me xxx? what that is what that be what it is that what is that 3) Do you remember xxx? when is her birthday when her birthday is when her birthday - when be her birthday

What is the best way to complete the sentences? 4) I told them xxx. - what he mean to not go there they not go there they not to go there 5) He asked me xxx. what is my name what was my name what my name was what my name be 6) I warned him xxx. to be not late don't be late not to be late he is not late

What is the best way to complete the sentences? 7) I asked her xxx. - was she sure - she was sure or not - if she sure - if she was sure 8) He said xxx. - he will study for the exam - he would study for the exam - he had study for the exam - he study for the exam 9) Joan asked xxx. - if there was coffee - there was coffee - was there coffee - where was the coffee

What is the best way to complete the sentences? 10) Do you know xxx? - where did he gone - where he went - where he gone - where did he go 11) Please tell me xxx. - where is the bus stop - where the bus stop be - where stops the bus - where the bus stop is 12) I told him xxx. - what the homework was - what was the homework - what was to be the homework - what is the homework

What is the best way to complete the sentences? 13) I think xxx. - will be the plane on time - the plane will be on time - the plane to be on time - it will be on time the plane 14) I didn't know xxx. - what he mean - what did he mean - what did he meant - what he meant 15) He said xxx. - that the weather colder than usual - the weather be colder than usual - the weather was colder than usual - the weather it is colder than usual

What is the best way to complete the sentences? 16) I think xxx. - today it is Wednesday - that is today Wednesday - today is Wednesday - today was Wednesday 17) He said xxx. - that yesterday he gone downtown - he goes downtown yesterday - he go downtown yesterday - he went downtown yesterday 18) I believe xxx. - him he is right - he is right - he be right - that he right

Reported Speech Introductory clause in the present tense (e.g.he says): - No backshift of tenses - Personal pronouns must be changed ( I - he/she etc.) - Expressions of time and place are not changed Example: Peter says, "I want to talk to Mary tomorrow." Peter says that he wants to talk to Mary tomorrow. Introductory clause in the past tense (e.g. he said): - Backshift of tenses - Personal pronouns must be changed ( I - he/she etc.) - Expressions of time and place are often changed Example: Peter said, "I want to talk to Mary tomorrow." Peter said that he wanted to talk to Mary the next day

If the introductory clause is in the past tense (e.g. he said), the tenses must be shifted back: present tense past tense present perfect past perfect will-future past tense past perfect past perfect past perfect conditional Tom said, "I don't want to go out." Tom said that he didn't want to go out. Brian said, "I lost my watch." Brian said that he had lost his watch Angi said, "They have just left." Angi said that they had just left. He said, "I hadn't expected so much." He said that he hadn't expected so much. Peter said, "I will see you soon." Peter said that he would see him soon

Important: will would can could may might shall should

Survival techniques THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION GOOD LUCK!