Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov azamat gmail com INTRODUCTION TO

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Zhamanov Azamat

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Question: • What Computer word mean?

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Answer: • The term ‘computer’ is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com History of Computer Human Calculations Mechanical Tools Analog Computer Digital Computer

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Human Calculations • Count in mind • Count by fingers

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Mechanical Tools • Abacus • Punched Cards

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Analog Computer • An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changed aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Example of Analog Computer • Fire Sprinkler

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Analog Computer

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Digital Computer • Digital Computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in UK and USA. Digital Computers work by electricity and represent all data in binary system by 1 and 0.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com ENIAC • One of the first computers was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). ENIAC was announced in 1946, it was very big computer which took place of big room

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Question: • What is Computer?

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Computer is: • Computer is electronic device which makes arithmetic and logical operations; it takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of programs and gives result (output) Input Process Output

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Input/Process/Output Example: Input 25+25 Process 25+25=50 Output 50

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Question: • What Computer consist of?

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Computer Consists of: Computer Hardware Software

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Hardware: • All physical components of Computer

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Inside Computer • Motherboard • CPU • HDD • RAM • ROM • Video Card • Sound Card

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com MOTHERBOARD

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Motherboard • Is the mainboard inside computer case which connects all devices into one single unit. • Alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Motherboard Logical Structure

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com CPU

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com CPU • The central processing unit carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD - HARD DISK DRIVE

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com History of HDD • First Hard Disk Drive was introduced by IBM in 1956 • The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC, was approximately the size of two refrigerators and stored 5 million 6 -bit characters (the equivalent of 3. 75 million 8 -bit bytes) on a stack of 50 discs.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com 350 RAMAC

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com 350 RAMAC

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD Technology • A hard disk drive records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic material on a disk. • Disk consist of Aluminum or Glass or Ceramic • Ferromagnetic material on Disk is: 10– 20 nm in depth • For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is: (70, 000 -180, 000 nm)

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD Technology • The magnetic surface of each platter is conceptually divided into many small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions referred to as magnetic domains.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD Technology

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Disk Surface

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com ANOTHER NAME OF HDD IS WINCHESTER

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Winchester • 1894, 30 -30 Winchester

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Winchester • Kenneth E. Haughton in 1973 produced HDD with the name 30 -30. • Meaning of 30 -30, HDD that had two modules by 30 MB.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Characteristics of Modern HDD • Interface • Capacity • Dimension • Random Access Time • Spindle Speed • Reliability • G-shock rating • Transfer Rate

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com INTERFACE

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Interface • Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com BUS Types • ATA • SCSI • SASA • Fiber Chanel

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com ATA, IDE, PATA • AT Attachment • Integrated Drive Electronics • Parallel ATA • Max Bitrate: 133 MB/s

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com SATA • Serial Advanced Technology Attachment • SATA v 1. 0 – 1. 5 GB/s • SATA v 2. 0 – 3 GB/s • SATA v 3. 0 – 6 GB/s

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com SCSI • Small Computer System Interface • Bitrate up to 640 MB/s

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com SAS • Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) • In 2012 estimated max Bitrate: 12 GB/s

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Fire. Wire • IEEE 1394 (Fire. Wire, i-Link) • Bitrate: 3. 2 GB/s

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Fiber Channel • Bitrate: 21 GB/s

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com CAPACITY

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Capacity • First HDD 3. 75 MB by IBM • One of the last HDD almost 5 TB

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Dimension • First disk dimension: 24 inches (61 cm) • Modern disk dimension: PC’s dimension is 3, 5 inches, notebook’s 2, 5 one of the smallest 0, 85 inches (2, 2 cm)

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Random Access Time • The average time during which the drive performs positioning of read / write heads to any portion of the magnetic disk.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Spindle Speed • First Disk RPM (Revolutions Per Minute): 1200 RPM • Nowadays RMPs: • 4200 • 5400 • 7200 • 10000 • 15000

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD Development • Capacity per HDD increasing from 3. 75 megabytes to almost 5 terabytes or more, about a million times larger.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD Development • Physical volume of HDD decreasing from 68 ft or about 2, 000 litre (comparable to a large side-by-side refrigerator), to less than 20 ml, a 100, 000 -to-1 decrease.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD Development • Weight decreasing from 2, 000 lbs (~900 kg) to 48 grams (~0. 1 lb), a 20, 000 -to-1 decrease.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com HDD Development • Price decreasing from about US$15, 000 per megabyte to less than $0. 0001 per megabyte ($100/1 terabyte), a greater than 150 -million-to-1 decrease.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com RAM

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com RAM – Random Access Memory • A random access device allows stored data to be accessed in very nearly the same amount of time for any storage location, so data can be accessed quickly in any random order.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com ROM

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com ROM • Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent updates).

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Example of ROM usage: BIOS

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Hardware consist of input and output devices: Devices Input Output

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Input devices • Input device is peripheral used to transfer data from outside world into a computer system. In other words, it is any device which feeds data into a computer.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com List of input devices: • Microphone • Mouse • Keyboard • Joystick • Scanner • Web Camera • Other input devices (like medical or chemical devices)

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Output devices • An output device is any peripheral that is connected to a computer and used to transfer data out of the computer in the form of text, images, sounds or other media to a display screen, printer, loudspeaker, or storage device

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com List of output devices: • Monitor • Speakers • Printer • Specialized output devices

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Software • Software is a part of computer like a soul is a part of person.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Software types: Software Operating System Drivers Applications

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Operating System • An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. • The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs require an operating system to function.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com OS Types • Microsoft Windows • Linux • MAC OS

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Microsoft Windows • Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Microsoft Windows • Revenue: US$ 73. 72 billion (2012) • Net income: US$ 16. 97 billion (2012) • Total equity: US$ 66. 36 billion (2012) • Employees: 94, 000 (2012)

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Windows 1. 0 Screenshot

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Windows 8 Screenshot

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com First Logo of MS Windows

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com MS Windows logo evolution

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Get more history of MS Windows • http: //www. computerhope. com/history/windows. htm

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Linux • Unix-like Operating System • First released on 5 th October, 1991 • Free Based Operating System • More than 90% of today’s 500 fastest supercomputers run some variants of Linux

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Ubuntu • Most popular Linux Based OS • Southern Philosophy of Africa “humanity towards others” • Ubuntu's first release was on 20 October 2004. • Canonical has released new versions of Ubuntu every six months

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Mac OS • Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface- based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. • 1984 – 2001 Classic Mac OS • Mac OS X

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Classic Mac OS Screenshot

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Mac OS X Screenshot

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Operating System consist of: OS Kernel Shell

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Kernel • Kernel is the main component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Kernel Resources • The kernel's primary function is to manage the computer's resources and allow other programs to run and use these resources. Application Kernel CPU Memory Devices

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Shell • A shell is software that provides an interface for users of an operating system which provides access to the services of a kernel.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Shell Categories Shell CLI GUI

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com CLI • A command-line interface (CLI) is a means of interaction with a computer program where the user passes commands in the form of a line of text (a command line)

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com GUI • Graphical User Interface (GUI, commonly pronounced gooey) is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices using images rather than text commands.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Device Driver • Device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device. • A device driver simplifies programming by acting as translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Application • Application is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players.

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Software Overview

Suleyman Demirel University zhamanov. azamat@gmail. com Q/A