SU Tiping School of English Studies 1

SU Tiping School of English Studies 1

Unit Goals * To get a general knowledge of religions in America l To learn the role religion plays in American life l To get acquainted with some religious terms on American religions l To learn useful words and expressions concerning religion in the U. S. A. and improve English language skills 2

Contents I. Introduction II. Religious Diversity III. The Three Faiths IV. Religious Liberty V. Features of Religion 3

Religion in the United States I. How religious are Americans? l II. Religious Diversity 宗教的多元化 l III. Three main faiths 三大宗教信仰 — Protestants 新教 — Catholics 天主教 — Jews 犹太教 l IV. Religious liberty 宗教自由 l V. American characteristics of Religion 美国的宗教 特点 l 4

I. How religious are Americans? l America seems to be growing more religious and more secular at the same time. Reinhold Niebuhr (1892－ 1971), an American theologian 5

I. How religious are Americans? Religion is a very important part of life in America. l 76% of American adult citizens identify themselves as Christians. l 15% (in 2008) of American adult population have no religious affiliation – 44% in UK, 69% in Sweden. l 51% of American believe that God created humans in their present form. l “ In God We Trust” are stamped on the coins. l There are churches , synagogues, and temples in every part of the country. 6

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Christianity in the Unites States 8

I. How religious are Americans? l l Pennsylvania was established by Quakers Maryland by Roman Catholics Massachusetts Bay Colony by Puritans. Nine of the 13 colonies had official public religions. 9

Religion concerning Money 5美分硬币 1美分 10

George Washington, the 1 st & 2 nd US President 11

Abraham Lincoln, the 16 th president 12

Hamilton， the 1 st finance minister 13

Ulysses S. Grant, 18 th president of the United States 14

Inauguration of US Presidents 15

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II Religious diversity l Christian: 78. 4% l l l Protestant 51. 3% Roman Catholic 23. 9% Mormon 1. 7% Jehovah’s Witness 0. 7% Orthodox 0. 6% Other Christian 0. 3% No religion 16. 1% Jewish 1. 7% Buddhist 0. 7% Muslim 0. 6% Hinduism 0. 4% Others 1. 2% Taoism, Confucianism, Shintoism 17

l The Washington National Cathedral, located in the capital. 18

l Crystal Cathedral, a megachurch in California 19

l The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints, in Salt Lake City, Utah is a well known symbol of the Church and Mormonism （摩门教） 20

Mormonism l l a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, a religion founded in the US in 1830 by Joseph Smith Jr. Joseph Smith claimed to have found and translated The Book of Mormon by divine revelation. It tells the story of a group of Hebrews who migrated to America c. 600 bc, and is taken as scriptural alongside the Bible. 21

Mormonism l The Mormons came into conflict with the US government over their practice of polygamy (officially abandoned in 1890) and moved their headquarters from Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1847 under Smith's successor, Brigham Young. Mormon doctrine emphasizes tithing, missionary work, and the Second Coming of Christ 22

l l The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D. C. , is the largest Roman Catholic Church in the USA. Interior view 23

l Beth-El Temple in Birmingham, Alabama. （保守 派犹太教会堂） 24

l l The Arhat Garden in the temple 罗汉公园 Hsi Lai Temple (lit. Coming West Temple), a Buddhist monastery(修道院) in Los Angeles, California. 25

Tibetan Buddhist temple in Seattle, Washington 26

l The Islamic Center of Washington in the Capitol is a leading American Islamic Center. 27

l Malibu Hindu Temple, nestled in the hills of Calabasas， California 28

l Detail of Malibu Hindu Temple in California. 29

Plurality of religious preference by state, 2001 30

北美洲 欧洲 非洲 亚洲 南美洲 31

1. Protestantism l Protestantism is a movement in Western Christianity whose adherents（支持者, 拥护者）reject the notion that divine (神的, 天赐的 )authority is channeled through one particular human institution or person such as the Roman Catholic pope. Most of them stress the Bible----the Hebrew Scriptures( 希伯来文古本圣经）and the new Testament( 圣经新约)------ as the source and the norm of their teaching. 32

The Development of Protestantism Over 60% of Americans are Protestants. The Protestant branch of the Christian faith broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in Europe in the 16 th century because of important differences in religious beliefs and religious practices. At the time of the Protestant Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church was the center of religious life in Western European countries. The Catholic Pope and the priests played the role of parent to the people in spiritual matters. They told people what was right and wrong, and they granted them forgiveness for sins against God and the Christian faith. 33

The Protestants, on the other hand, insisted that all individuals must stand alone before God. If people sinned, they should seek their forgiveness directly from God rather than from a priest. This meant every individual was solely responsible for his or her own relationship with God. 34

After the Protestants broke away from the Catholic Church, they found that they could not agree among themselves about many things. Therefore, the Protestants began to form separate churches, called denominations (宗派, 教派 ). In the 1600 s, the Catholic Church did not recognize the rights of such Protestant churches to exist, resulting in much bitterness among some of the religious groups. Subsequently, many Protestant denominations experienced religious persecution, 35

which eventually compelled many of them to leave their native countries in order to have freedom to practice their particular religious beliefs. Thus, among the early settlers who came to America in the 1600 s, there were many Protestants seeking religious freedom, imprinting the culture of the New World with a strong touch of Protestantism from its earliest days. 36

The lack of any established national religion in America appealed strongly to European Protestants, whether or not they were being persecuted. A large number of Protestant denominations were established in America. At first, some denominations hoped to force their views and beliefs on others, but the colonies were simply too large for any one denomination to gain control over the others. The idea of separation of church and state became accepted. 37

l When the Constitution was adopted in 1789, the government was forbidden to establish a national church; no denomination was to be favored over the others. The government and the church had to remain separate. Under these conditions, a great variety of different Protestant denominations developed and grew, with each denomination having a “live and let live” attitude toward the others. Diversity was accepted and strengthened. Today, the various Protestant denominations have completely separate church organizations, and although there were many similarities, there also significant differences in their religious teachings and beliefs. 38

The Protestant Heritage 1. Self-Improvement Christianity often emphasizes the natural sinfulness of human nature. Unlike Catholics, protestants do not go to priests forgiveness of their sins; individuals are left alone before God to improve themselves and ask for God’s guidance, forgiveness, and grace. For this reason, Protestantism has traditionally encouraged a strong and restless desire for self-improvement. 39

The need for self-improvement, once established, reaches far beyond self-improvement in the purely moral or religious sense. It can be seen in countless books, which explain how people can be happier and more successful in life by improving everything from their vocabulary to their tennis game, or even their whole personality. Books of this type are often referred to as “self-help” books, and many are best-sellers. . 40

They are natural products of a culture in which people believe that “God help those who help themselves. ” In addition, Americans attend thousands of self- help seminars and support group meetings to help them stop smoking or drinking, lose weight, be better parents, have happier relationships, and develop self-confidence 41

2. Material Success, Hard Work, and Self-Discipline The achievement of material success is probably the most widely respected from of self-improvement in the United States. The philosophy--- commonly called the Protestant work ethic (道德体系；行为准则) --- stresses the moral value of work, self-discipline, and personal responsibility. According to this ethic, people prove their worth to themselves and to God by working hard, being honest and thrifty, and avoiding luxury, excessive pleasure, and waste. The accumulation of wealth is not considered evil unless it leads to a life of idleness and sin. 42

The Protestant work ethic has much in common with the American emphasis on financial success, practicality [, præktɪ’kælətɪ] (实用性) , efficiency and self-sufficiency. Protestant leaders views the work of all people as holy, not just that of priests. They also believe that the capacity for self-discipline was holy characteristic blessed by God. Self-discipline is often defined as the willingness to save and invest one’s money rather than spend it on immediate pleasures. Protestant tradition, therefore, may have played an important part in creating a good climate for the industrial growth of the United States. 43

3. Volunteerism and Humanitarianism The idea of self-improvement includes more than achieving material gain through hard work and selfdiscipline. It also includes the idea of improving oneself by helping others. Individuals, in other words, make themselves into better persons by contributing some of their time or money to charitable, educational, or religious causes that are designed to help others. This philosophy is sometimes called volunteerism or humanitarianism [hju: mæni’teəriəniz(ə)m] (人道主义, 博爱主义). 44

The motive for humanitarianism and volunteerism is strong: many Americans believe that they should devote part of their time and wealth to religious or humanitarian causes in order to be acceptable in the eyes of God and in the eyes of other Americans. Many businesses encourage their employees to do volunteer work, and individuals may get tax deductions for money given to charity. 45

Different Protestant Groups l l l l Baptists(浸礼会): the largest; concentrated in the Southern Bible Belt( Tennessee and nearby states) Methodists (循道公会，卫理公会): founded by John Wesley Presbyterians [, prezbɪ’tɪəri: ən], (长老会) Episcopalians( 圣公会） Quakers (also Society of Friends 公谊会） the Salvation Army (救世会） Unitarians(唯一神教） Fundamentalists(原教旨主义者） 46

在美国，新教通常指除天主教、东正教以外的其他基督 教派别。 美国新教主要派别大都深受法国著名宗教改革家约翰· 加尔文的神学思想影响，其核心是“预定论”和“选民论”。 新教把《圣经》当作信仰的最终来源，同时也因对《 圣经》的理解不同而形成了不同的派别，主要有浸礼会、卫 斯理会、长老会、圣公会、公理会、路德会等。 47

The Protestant Episcopal Church(圣公会) 1. It directly derived from the Church of England, has the same form of services and organization or share the same apostolic succession ( the passing on through bishops and priests of powers) 2. The Episcopal [i’piskəpəl] Church of the U. S. refuses to accept the supreme authority of the Bishop of Rome( the Pope), but accepts the supreme authority of bishops of its own Church. 48

Episcopalian church 49

The Protestant Episcopal Church(圣 公会) 原是英国国教在北美大陆的教会，也是北美第一个新 教会。 目前有教徒 304万人，白人占 95％。 是美国社会中精英的教会、富人的教会。美国开国总统 华盛顿就出身于圣公会，后来又有7位总统也来自该教 派。 50

Baptists(浸礼会) 1. the largest Protestant group in the U. S. with 25 million members and more than 20 branches. 2. they are concentrated particularly in the Southern Bible Belt. 3. They have a liberal attitude toward the blacks and courageously defend their beliefs in the equality of all human beings before God, whatever their color. 51

4. But the great majority seems to have difficulty in reconciling their Christian belief and practice with their racial prejudice. 5. Most of the blacks are Baptists, but they go to different churches. 6. The first group of Baptists was founded in Amsterdam by exile John Smyth, and then the Baptists Church was established in London in 1612 by some of Smyth’s followers. 52

浸礼会（Baptist Churches） 又称浸信会，基督教新教主要宗派之一。 目前约有3400万人，占全国人口的19. 4%。美国黑人中有 50％都是浸礼会教徒，白人教徒也占美国白人的15％。 1845年分为南、北两派。美国著名黑人运动领袖马丁·路 德·金即是南方浸礼会的牧师。 53

美国著名黑人运动领袖 马丁·路德·金即是南方 浸礼会的牧师。 54

Methodists (循道公会，卫理公会) 1. one of the most numerous Protestants, next to Baptists. 2. 13 million members in the world, about 2/3 being in the U. S. 3. Methodists are united in the Methodist Church. Its theology is American, its church service like that of the Church of England, 55

4. Its governing body is the Conference ( the annual meeting), which is composed of ministers. 5. Historically, it sprung up from the revival within the Church of England led by Charles Wesley（查尔斯· 卫斯理）in 1729, rapidly spread after 1739 in England North America and formally separated from the Church of England. 56

a Methodist church 57

Methodists (循道公会，卫理公会) 也叫卫斯理会，或叫循道会，是美国新教的第二大宗派。 目前约有教徒 1400万人，其中 86％是白人。 该派是英国人约翰·卫斯理及其兄弟查尔斯于18世纪初 创立的。 强调为社会服务，经常向广大贫苦 人布道，为穷人服 务。是典型的中产阶级的宗教。 58

摩门教(Mormonism) v. Mormonism is the religion practiced by Mormons, and is the predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement. This movement was founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. beginning in the 1820 s as a form of Christian primitivism. During the 1830 s and 1840 s, Smith gradually distinguished itself from traditional Protestantism, and what is called Mormonism today represents the new, non-Protestant faith taught by Smith in the 1840 s. After Smith's death, most Mormons followed Brigham Young to the Rocky Mountains as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Other branches of Mormonism include Mormon fundamentalism, which seeks to maintain practices and doctrines such as polygamy that were discontinued by the LDS Church, and various other small independent denominations. 59

l The term Mormon derived from the Book of Mormon, one of the faith's religious texts. Based on the name of that book, early followers of founder Joseph Smith, Jr. were called Mormons, and their faith was called Mormonism. The term was initially considered pejorative, but is no longer considered so by Mormons. 60

l Mormon theology is a form of Christian primitivism that shares a common set of beliefs with the rest of the Latter Day Saint movement, including use of, and belief in, the Bible, as well as other religious texts including the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants. It differs from other Latter Day Saint movement traditions in that it also accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of its canon, and it has a history of teaching eternal marriage, eternal progression, and plural marriage (although the LDS Church had abandoned the practice by the early 20 th century). Cultural Mormonism includes a lifestyle promoted by the Mormon institutions, and includes cultural Mormons who identify with the culture, but not necessarily theology. 61

l 《无价珍珠》（英文：Pearl of Great Price）是摩门 教先知 Joseph Smith, Jr. 小斯密约瑟留下的作品的选 录，是耶稣基督后期圣徒教会（俗称摩门教）的标准 经文四部经典中的其中之一, 也是一些后期圣徒运动 分支宗派的教会经典。无价珍珠包含斯密约瑟圣经译 本（灵感版）的摘录、翻译自埃及苇草纸中先知亚伯 拉罕的纪录、斯密约瑟的见证和历史的摘录，还有耶 稣基督后期圣徒教会的信条。 无价珍珠内容的呈现方 式为：摩西书 5： 19。 62

摩门教于1830年由约瑟夫·史密斯创立。该教新奇怪诞的教义 被当时的新教徒视为异端，到处受到排挤。随后，在教派领袖 杨伯翰的带领下，上万名摩门教徒为了逃避进一步的迫害，来 到犹他州，用 40年的时间建起盐湖城和一座大教堂。这座摩门 教圣殿极其辉煌壮观，被列为世界奇观之一。1890年，犹他州 正式并入美国后，摩门教才开始逐渐为美国社会所接受。 　摩门教的信仰在许多方面与天主教和新教保守教会相同，除 《圣经》外，记载史密斯得到上帝启示的《摩门经》是最主要 的经典。今天生活中的摩门教徒遵纪守法，戒烟戒酒，重视家 庭和婚姻。 盐湖城现成为该教会先驱者借着信心及自己的信仰所建立的城 市，目前超过半数当地人士为后期圣徒，使盐湖城成为美国犯 罪率和离婚率最低的大城市。 63

l 　刚成立的后期圣徒教会，被当时美国的主流宗教 基督教（新教）所逼迫，因为其教宣传一夫多妻制 度，其后斯密·约瑟被杀害，由杨·百翰带领教徒到 美国中部犹他州大盐湖山谷(utah, salt lake city)， 并于1847年在该处安定发展起来，也因此教会的总 会位于盐湖城。事实上，盐湖城是此教会早期的教 友凭借对神的信心拓荒所建成的一座城市。此在全 世界的城市发展史上极为罕见且特殊。该教会的教 友目前已遍布全球各国。据教会最新发表数字，信 徒人数达至 1, 200多万，而超过半数居于北美洲以外。 64

摩门教教堂 v 摩门教(Mormonism)这个词是个不正确的称呼。 正确的名称是耶稣基督后期圣徒教会(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)。 65

2. Catholics ( Roman Catholic Church天主教) 1. Although the largest church is of the Protestant faith, the largest single religious group is that of Roman Catholics. More than ¼ of all Americans are now of Roman Catholics faith. They represent 26. 2% of the U. S. population ( the 4 large Protestant groups, the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians , Episcopalians represent 31. 9% of the population). 66

2. The majority of the Catholics are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. 3. While Protestantism has claimed that Christ is the one true road to salvation and Judaism that it is th etrue way for Jews, Cathokicism emphasizes another conception--the Catholic Church is the one true church, according to the traditional Catholicism, at least. Te h. Catholic Church claims, e. g. , that it is the only institution with knowledge of religious and moral law. Christ is the bridge between God and man. 67

4. Anti-Catholic prejudice was strong. More often prejudice took the form of discrimination. John F. Kennedy’s presidential election victory put to rest the catholic religion as an issue in national politics. 68

Catholics ( Roman Catholic Church天主教) 早期的美国天主教徒有大批是贫苦的农民和低收入者， 与充斥上流社会的白人主流教会相比，美国天主教长期被 称作“穷人的宗教”。 目前，美国天主教徒大概有6200万人，占全国人口的 26%。 1960年，肯尼迪成为美国有史以来担任总统的第一位 天主教徒，体现出美国社会已经接纳天主教。 比起松散的美国新教教会，天主教会内部有一套完整 严密的组织体系，这是天主教有别其他宗教的一大特点。 69

3. The Eastern Orthodox Church (东正教) 1. Its members are found chiefly in eastern and southeastern Europe and the neighboring religions of Asia and Africa. There about 140 million of its members in the world. In America it has about 5 million members. 2. Historically, it was one part of the Christian church, and became separated from western Christendom in 1054 when it refused to accept the supremacy of the Pope. 70

l 东正教（Eastern Orthodox Church） 又称正教、希腊正教、 东方正教，是基督教其中的一个派别，主要是指依循由东罗 马帝国（又称“拜占庭帝国”）所流传下来的基督教传统的 教会，它是与天主教、基督新教并立的基督教三大派别之一， “正教”的希腊语（Orthodxia）意思是正统。如果以“东部 正统派”的主要的和狭义的定义来分，“东部”教会里人数 最多的教会是俄罗斯正教会和罗马正教会。而欧洲正教会（ 不分东西边）最古老的则是希腊正教会。若是以英语系国家 的西方人惯用的用法来分，“东部正统派”有较广的定义， 也包含了“东方正统教会”（“Oriental Orthodox”中文字 面意思和东正教一样，但两者是不同的教会）。 71

4. Religions beyond Christianity 1. others religions like Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Shinto (日本的神道教, 1945年前为日本国教) , Bahai ( 巴哈伊教) , and Islam. 2. Judaism is the Jewish religion. It rejects polytheism [’pɔliθi: , izəm](多神论) and worships one God, the Creator. This monotheism[’mɔnəuθi: izəm](一神论) , inherited by both Christianity and Islam, is the heart of the Jewish experience. 13 million Jewish population in the world, half of them live in U. S. and hold 3% of all the American population. 72

犹太教的起源 　　 众所周知, 中东的幼发拉底河[1]和底格里斯河流域是人类文明的最早发 祥地之一。在那里, 早在公元前2300年, 美索不达米亚文化就达到了相当发 达的程度。大约 3800年前, 当美索不达米亚文明已经趋于衰败时, 一位名叫亚 伯拉罕(Abram)的人从两河流域南部的乌尔(Ur)经巴比伦(Babylon)、马利 (Mari)、哈兰(Haran)迁徙到被称作迦南(Canaan)的地方(即现在的巴勒斯坦 地方), 几经辗转后定居在别是巴(Beersheba)。 据《圣经》的描述, 亚伯兰 的这次迁徙乃是受上帝指使的：“耶和华对亚伯兰说, 你要离开本地、本族、 父家，往我指示你的地去。我必叫你成为大国。我必赐福给你, 叫你的名为 大, 你也叫别人得福。为你祝福的，我必赐福与他；那咒诅你的, 我必咒诅 他。地上的万族都要因你得福”(《创世记》12： 1－3)。在亚伯兰 99岁时， 耶和华又与他立约，令其子孙繁多，并赐迦南地为他们永久的基业(《创世记 》17： 2－22)。此后，亚伯兰更名亚伯拉罕(Abaraham)。 亚伯拉罕生子以撒 (Isaac), 以撒生子雅各(Jacob)。他们就是通常所说的犹太人的列祖 (Patriarchs), 也是犹太教的最早奠基人。 73

犹太教 17世纪中期，来自巴西的23名犹太人定居在现今的纽约。 此后，世界各地的犹太人陆续移民到美国。目前美国的犹太人 约有五百多万，占全国人口总数的2. 4%左右。 犹太人在很多领域，特别是商业、金融、新闻、律师、电 影等行业取得了令人瞩目的成就，涌现出一大批精英人物。如 获得诺贝尔奖的一百多名美国学者中，有近半数是犹太人；《 纽约时报》和《华盛顿邮报》都是由犹太家族创办的；在金融 界有“犹太人控制华尔街”之说，格林斯潘和索罗斯都是犹太 人；而在政界，犹太人的表现也十分突出，如基辛格和奥尔布 赖特都出身于犹太家庭；纽约自由女神像的基座上刻的十四行 诗《新巨人》，也出自犹太女诗人扎拉鲁斯之手。 74

3. over 2 million members of the Islamic religion live in America. Some are immigrants or the children of immigrants. Others are Americans, including some black Americans who have converted to Islam. 伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世 界三大宗教。中国旧称大食法、大食教、天方教、清真教、 回回教、回教等。截止到 2009年底，世界人口约 68亿人口 中，穆斯林总人数是 15. 7亿， 分布在 204个国家的地区， 占全世界的23%。 Islamic Star and crescent (月牙) 75

伊斯兰（a 1一Islam)系阿拉伯语音译，原意为“顺从”、“和 平”，又称伊斯俩目，指顺从和信仰宇宙独一无二的最高主宰 安拉及其意志，以求得两世的和平与安宁。信奉伊斯兰教的人 统称为“穆斯林”(Muslim，意为“顺从者”与伊斯兰 “Islam”是同一个词根)。7世纪初兴起于阿拉伯半岛，由麦加 的古莱什部族人穆罕默德(约 570～ 632，阿拉伯文 ）ﻣﺤﺩ 所复兴。 公元七世纪至十七世纪，在伊斯兰的名 义下，曾经建立了倭马 亚、阿拔斯、法蒂玛、印度德里苏丹国家、土耳其奥斯曼帝国 等一系列大大小小的封建王朝。经过一千多年的历史沧桑，这 些盛极一时的封建王朝都已成了 历史陈迹。但是作为世界性宗 教的“伊斯兰”却始终没有陨落。起初，伊斯兰作为一个民族 的宗教，接着作为一个封建帝国的精神源泉，然后又作为一种 宗教、文化和政治的力量，一种人们生活的方式，在世界范围 内不断地发展着，乃至成为 21世纪世界的三大宗教之一。 76

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4. Buddhism is a growing faith in America. Recent immigration from Asia has raised the number of Buddhists in America to several hundred thousand – no one seems quite sure how many. 佛教(Buddhism)：世界三大宗教之一，由公元前6 -前5世纪印 度的迦毗罗卫国（今尼泊尔境内）王子所创，他的名字是悉达 多 (S. Siddhārtha, P. Siddhattha)，他的姓 是乔达摩(S. Gautama, P. Gotama)。因为他属 于释迦 (Sākya)族，人们又称他为释迦牟尼， 意思是释迦族的圣人。广泛流传于亚洲的许多 国家。西汉末年经丝绸之路传入我国。 78

5. several hundred thousand Hindus have also come to America. In recent years, young native-born Americans have shown great interest in these and other eastern religions and philosophies. l 印度教源于古印度韦陀教及婆罗门教，是世界主要宗教之一。 它拥有10. 5亿信徒（1993年统计数），仅次于拥有15亿信徒的 基督教和11亿信徒的伊斯兰教。所谓“印度教”是存在于印度 本土上的宗教、哲学、文化和社会习俗的综合称谓，它的信仰、 哲学、伦理观点等复杂多样，甚至相互矛盾。印度的 社会等级、集团和不同的文化阶层有着各自相 异的信仰和实践。这种综合性、多样性使人们 很难对印度教的信仰和特征作出公认、明确的 定义。 79

“WASP” culture “WASP”, which stands for “White Anglo. Saxon Protestants”, is believed to be the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States. 盎格鲁撒克逊白人新教文化被认为是美国 主流文化的基础。 l 80

Early American religions l l l l By the middle of the 18 th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America. Lutherans信义宗 from Germany Dutch Reformed Church荷兰归正宗flourished in New York and New Jersey Presbyterians长老会 from Scotland Huguenots 胡格诺会from France Congregationalists公理会 Puritans dominated in Massachusetts, New England area Although the Church of England was an established church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony. 81

The Great Awakening of the 1740 s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestants religious groups, or denominations. 18世纪 40年代的宗教大复兴运动力图把新的 感觉和新的力量注入北美各殖民地人民的宗教 信仰中去。这次“复兴”运动打破了新教各派的 界限。 l 82

The Great Awakening大觉醒/宗教大觉醒 The term Great Awakening (or The Great Awakening) is used to refer to a period of religious revival in American religious history. The First Great Awakening began in 1734 and lasted to about 1750. Ministers from various Protestant denominations supported the Great Awakening. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of personal guilt and of their need of salvation by Christ. Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华兹 George Whitefield 83 怀特菲尔德

The Effects of the Great Awakening Though a religious movement, the Awakening had effects not only in religion, but in cultural and political spheres as well. The major effect of the Awakening was a rebellion against authoritarian religious rule. Revivalism in the colonies opposed the notion of a single truth or a single church. As preachers visited town after town, sects began to break off larger churches and a multitude of Protestant denominations sprouted. — religious diversity 84

The Effects of the Great Awakening l The First Great Awakening is considered as a forerunner to the American Revolution. l The movement played a key role in the development of democratic concepts in the period of the American Revolution. This helped create a demand for the separation of church and state. 85

l 　18世纪中期北美殖民地的新教复兴运动。发 起人为到北美传道的荷兰归正教会牧师富瑞林 怀森。该运动以奋兴传道方式来激发信徒的宗 教情感。运动的主要领导人爱德华滋和怀特菲 尔德均强调宗教感情和个人对上帝的爱，大大 促进了宗教生活的自由化、个人化和民主化。 由于该运动着重强调个人的悔改重生，倡导严 格的道德和敬虔的生活，所以被认为是 17～ 18 世纪初德国虔敬派和英国福音奋兴派在北美的 回音。 86

l John Locke reasoned that the right to govern comes from an agreement or “social contract” voluntarily entered into by free people. 自理的权 力来自于一种协议，或社会契约，这是由自由民众自愿缔 结的。 87

l A few American were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the enlightenment in Europe欧州的启蒙运动 that they became deists自然神论者, believing that reason teaches that God exist but leaves man free to settle his own affairs相信理智教导 人们上帝是存在的，但上帝允许人类自由地处理 自己的事物 88

　　自然神论者推崇理性原则，把上帝解释为非人格的 始因的宗教哲学理论。 自然神论, 又称理神论。在著名的《英语词典》中，把 自然神论定义为“那些只承认一位上帝，不接受任何 启示宗教的人们的观念”。自然神论反对蒙昧主义和 神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的 “奇迹”； 认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝 作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再 干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发 展下去；主张用“理性宗教”或“自然宗教”代替“天启宗 教 89

　Many protestants and deists could agree l “all men are created equal, endowed with certain unalienable rights” l and “the laws of Nature and Nature’s God” entitled them to form a new nation. 自然规律 和创造自然的上帝赋于他们权力建立一个新国家 90

III. Religious Pluralism and Liberty Unlike other nations where religion tends to be monolithic[, mɔnə’lɪθɪk](整体的; 庞大的）or unitary[ ’ju: nitəri] （单一的）, America is known, among other things, for its religious pluralism. There at least three reasons for this religious diversity. 91

l l l For one thing, the U. S. Constitution guarantees every individual the fundamental right to practice his own religious belief. For another, the fundamental American belief in individual freedom has been at the center of American experience throughout history. For still another, as a nation of immigrants, the great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has given rise to multiplicity of religious beliefs. 92

l Indeed, religious beliefs and religious organizations are so numerous in the United States that it is no exaggeration to say that almost any important religious belief in the world can find its expression on the American soil. Religious liberty means an inalienable [ɪn’eɪljənəbəl](不 可分割的) right to practice any or no religion. In America those whose religion forbids them to fight can perform other services instead of becoming soldiers. The government does not pay ministers’ salaries or require any belief as a condition of holding public office. 93

l l The First Amendment of the Constitution to the Constitution of the US forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise of religion. Forbid Congress to make any law “respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof[法律用语](前面提到的"of"之后的内容）. ” 94

III. Religious liberty in the US 1. l l Guarantees of religious liberty The Declaration of Independence: All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. First Amendment to the Constitution 95

2. Definition of religious liberty l Freedom of conscience. l Religious liberty, an inalienable right. l Right to practice any or no religion. 96

Religious Liberty l l Among the rights that new nation guaranteed, freedom of religion was political necessity in a religiously diverse society. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. The United States have no state-supported religion. The government supports all religions. 97

l l l The policy maker hope to insure that diversity of religious beliefs would never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection. American courts have become more sensitive in recent years to the rights of people who do not believe in any God or religion. Protestant religion and republican forms of government, they felt, went hand in hand (agreeable). 98

“three faiths” model of the united states l By the 1950 s, a kind of “three faiths” model of the united states had developed. protestant, catholic and Jewish 99

Protestants in the United States l The majority of Americans (60%) belong to the protestant church Main denominations of the protestant church 新教的 主要教派 l the Baptists– white and black 浸礼教派 20 branches the Methodists 卫理公派教徒 l Diversity of protestants 新教派别 l Other small denominations 小教派 l 100

The Baptist l l The Baptist are the largest protestant group They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience. 他相信将身体浸在水中 的成年人洗礼仪式，认为这象征转变为成熟和负 有责任心 101

l There were 25 million members of Baptists (19. 4% of the population) as a main strength, which were divided more than 20 branches and concentrated in southern bible belt in the U. S. . 102

Some White Baptists have liberal attitudes toward the blacks and stand up courageously in difficult circumstances for their beliefs in the equality of all human beings before God l The majority practiced their Christian beliefs with their racial prejudice l Most blacks are Baptist too, but they go to different churches from the white. l 103

Methodists l l Methodists (2 nd largest in Protestant) adherents of the group which grew up in 18 th century following the lead of John Wesley in England. Most Methodists are united in the Methodist Church, which has a form of service based on that of the church of England 104

Diversity of protestants l l l There are more than 100 other protestant sects, with combined membership of more than 20 million They express variety rather than doctrinal schism教义上的差别 Some extremely intolerant( highly emotional and hysterical approach) / Some pragmatic in adapting themselves to modern society. 105

l Four of the smaller sects are really quite large, with 2 million or more members. There are Latter Day Saints, the churches of Christ, the united Church of Christ and the International convention of Disciples of Christ. 现代基督教圣徒派，耶稣教，联合耶稣教，国 际耶稣信徒会 106

Catholics l l l The largest single religious group is that of Roma Catholics More ¼ Americans are of the Roman Catholic faith The majority of the Catholics are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. /they were concentrated in New York and Massachusetts, still main population in those two states 107

By the civil war, over a million Irish Catholic, driven by hunger, had come to the untied states. l And there was Anti-Catholic prejudices in U. S. at that time, the Catholics were discriminated against. Anti-Catholics prejudice was so strong that, on a few occasions, it broke out in mob violence. l 108

l l Kennedy was Roman Catholic. by 1960, however, John F. Kennedy’s presidential election victory put to rest the catholic religion as an issue in national politics. 109

The Jews l l Until the late 19 th century, most Jews in American were of German origin. Many of them belonged to the Reform movement, a liberal branch of Judaism which had made many adjustment to modern life. when Jews began coming to America in great numbers, anti-Semitism反犹太主义appeared They formed an organization to compact prejudice. 110

l l anti-defamation League反诽谤联盟 help Jewish defend against injustice : It played a major role in educating Americans about the injustice of prejudice and making them aware of the rights, not only of Jews, but of all minorities Many Jewish remained religiously observant/ Others continued as ethnically Jewish, adopted a secular, nonreligious outlook. 111

Religious Diversity l l experimental tradition small sects and cults social disputes pastors 112

Experimental tradition l l Many religious communities (宗教团体) and secular utopias (世俗的乌托邦组织)， experiments in new forms of social living (试 验新的生活方式的团体), were founded in 18 th and 19 th century America. Many small sects（教派）and cults(信徒) appear in American society all the time. 113

l l l ① they regard the larger society as hopelessly corrupt. Prohibition of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine are common. ② dramatic expectations about the futurepredictions of the end of the world or the dawning of a new age-form the main tenets, or doctrines, of the group. ③ often the founder is a charismatic有魅力的 person, dynamic personality who claims some special revelation启示 or relationship with God. 114

l l l Some groups never win a large following Others grow smaller or disappear when the founder dies or his prophecies fail to come true. Other prosper, win large followings and “graduate” into the high ranks 115

l l l Amish want to be left alone in their rural communities. They wish to keep their children out of high school so they will not be affected by modern society Some prefer faith healing to modern medicine or object to certain medical practices. Mormons, settled the state of Utah 116

Other religions are increasing their numbers and influence in America. 1. Over 2 million members of the Islamic religion live in America. immigrants or the children, some Americans converted to Islam 2. Buddhism is a growing faith in America. Recent immigration from Asia 3. Several hundred thousand Hindus have also come to America. Young Americans have shown great interest in these l 117

American pastors are as varied as the flocks they serve. l l l The protestant Episcopal church圣公会 now ordains women as priests/ catholic have all-male clergy. The united Methodist church卫理公 has appointed women as bishops, women can also be ordained as rabbis法师 among some Jewish congregations. Catholic nuns teach and manage large hospitals. 118

American pastors of churches are expected to be active in the civic affairs of their communities. l l Often they have psychological training and spend part of their time counseling people with personal problems. They preach to congregations in different kinds of churches 119

V. Distinctive Features of American Religious Institutions 1. Lack of a State Established Church Government and religion are more thoroughly separated in the U. S. The absence of a state established church is central to the character of religious institutions in America. As private associations, all religious bodies are legally equal to each other. Although religious groups throughout the society are stamped by recognizably “American” qualities, they are diverse, pluralistic and incessantly changing. Therefore, American religion is cultural rather than organizational; diffuse(四散的) convergence (集中) rather than an authoritative and centrally controlled system of beliefs and symbols. 120

2. Diversity of Religious Groupings Religion in U. S. , as mentioned before, is characterized by diversity, or pluralism. There are more than 300 denominations and cults[kʌlt](异教团体) in the U. S. This great diversity has been encouraged by a cultural setting that has given free play to the dispersive( 分散的) tendencies of Protestantism and to leaders with new revelations. Most of the denominations are quite small. Religious bodies having 50, 000 or more members account for more than 90% of church memberships, whereas the remaining less than 10% is through more than 200 groupings. 121

3. Organizational Forms Variety of system and values in American religious cultures is paralleled by diversity in organizational forms. Three main ideal-types of church organization can be distinguished: the Episcopal(主教派的), the Presbyterian[, prezbɪ’tɪəri: ən] (长老派的), and the congregational (公理会的). The essential differences can be: the Episcopal type is ecclesiastical [ɪ, kli: zi: ’æstɪkəl] (教会 的) hierarchy (等级); the Presbyterian is the constituent church bodies; the congregational is the individual believer. 122

4. Separation of Church and State The First Amendment of the US. Constitution says: “ Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. ” It guarantees right to freedom of religion. It also ensures that the government does not act in the interest or disinterest of religion. Accordingly, no government, either state of federal, should openly or secretly participate or interfere in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups, and vise versa. 123

However, in light of the foundation of the nation and the background of its religion, it is impossible to uproot religious influence in state affairs though it is nominal. Christmas is a national holiday, and each year a Christmas tree is erected in the white House and the President is expected to make at least a show of religious party. Politicians frequently discuss their religion and many churches and religious figures are highly politically active. 124

宗教与教育 美国高等教育今天如此发达和完善，早期教会的贡献 功不可没。1630年前往北美的1000名清教徒中，大约有100 人分别毕业于英国剑桥大学和牛津大学。这些人仿照剑桥 大学，于1636年建立了美国第一座高等院校----剑桥学院， 即：哈佛大学的前身。 其他教派也先后创建了许多著名的大学，如：长老会 的耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学，圣公会的威廉·玛丽学院、 宾夕法尼亚大学、哥伦比亚大学，浸礼会的布朗大学，归 正宗的王后学院，加上达特沃思学院，这 9所殖民时期的大 学就是美国著名的“常春藤大学”。 今天，美国仍有八百多所教会大学，约占全国大学总 数的1/4，是私立大学的主体，而且教学内容丰富多样，在 美国高等教育中仍起着重要作用。 125

l l 1. Religion appeared because people felt puzzled about the mystery of nature. 2. In the Middle Ages, religion developed. 3. During its development, religion hindered the growth of society and science. 4. Obviously, in modern America, religion is only a kind of thought. 126

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美国加州的水晶大教堂 l 1968年的春天，罗伯 • 舒乐博士决心在美国加州建造一座 水晶大教堂。他向著名的设计师菲力普 • 强生说出了自己的梦 想： “我要建造的不是一座普通的大教堂，而是要建造一座 人间的伊甸园。” 菲力普 • 强生问他：“预算需用多少钱？ ” ；罗伯 • 舒乐博士坦率而明确地回答：“我现在一分钱也 没有，对我来说，是 100万美元还是 400万美元的预算没有本 质上的区别。重要的是，这座水晶大教堂本身一定要具有足 够的魅力来吸引捐款。” 后来，水晶大教堂的预算初步定为 700万美元。这 700万美元对于当时的；罗伯 • 舒乐博士来说， 不仅是一个超出他能力范围的数字，而且也是超出了众人理 解范围的数字。 当天夜里，罗伯 • 舒乐博士拿出一页白纸， 在最上面写下“ 700万美元”，接着又写下10行字: 129

l 1．寻找 1笔 700万美元的捐款。 l 2．寻找 7笔 100万美元的捐款。 l 3．寻找 14笔 50万美元的捐款。 l 4．寻找 28笔 25万美元的捐款。 l 5．寻找 70笔 10万美元的捐款。 l 6．寻找 100笔 7万美元的捐款。 l 7．寻找 140笔 5万美元的捐款。 l 8．寻找 280笔 2．5万美元的捐款。 l 9．寻找 700笔 1万美元的捐款。 l 10．卖掉1万扇窗户，每扇700美元。 130

从此，罗伯 • 舒乐博士开始了苦口婆心、坚持不懈的漫长 募捐生涯。 到第 60天的时候，富商约翰 • 可林被水晶大教堂奇特而美 妙的模型所打动，罗伯 • 舒乐博士得到了100万美元的第一笔 捐款。 到第 65天的时候，一位听了罗伯 • 舒乐博士演讲的农民夫 妇，捐出了1000美元。 到第 90天的时候，一位被罗伯 • 舒乐博士孜孜以求精神所 感动的陌生人，开出了一张 100万美元的银行支票。 到第 8个月的时候，一名捐款者对罗伯 • 舒乐博士说：“如 果你的努力能筹到 600万美元，那剩下的100万美元就由我来 支付。” 131

到第二年的时候，罗伯 • 舒乐博士以每扇窗户 500美元的 价格请求美国人认购水晶大教堂的窗户，付款的方法为每月 50美元，10个月分期付清。 实际情况比预想的要好得多，还不足 6个月，一万多扇窗 户就全部认购完毕。 建造水晶大教堂共用掉了2000万美元， 比最初预算多得多，全部是罗伯 • 舒乐博士一点一滴筹集来的。 1980年 9月，历时 12年，可容纳一万人的水晶大教堂全部 竣 ，成为世界建筑史上的一个奇迹，也成为世界各地前往 加州的人必去瞻仰的胜景——名副其实的人间伊甸园。 后来，罗伯 • 舒乐博士经常这样讲：不是每个人都应该像 我这样去建造一座水晶大教堂，但是每个人都应该拥有自己 的梦想，设计自己的梦想，追求自己的梦想，实现自己的梦 想。梦想是生命的灵魂，是心灵的灯塔，是引导人走向成功 的信仰。有了崇高的梦想，只要矢志不渝地追求，梦想就会 成为现实，奋斗就会变成壮举，生命就会创造奇迹。 132

American Character of religion l l 1. Americans with different religions live together under the same law. The Bill of Right of U. S. provided that where is no state religion and that church and state must be separated. 2. the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. The majority of Americans pour into the churches every Sunday morning. 133

l 3. Every church in U. S. is completely independent organization, and concerned with it own finance and its own building. There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument. 134

Social disputes l l Questions reflect continuing conflicts in American life. When a 1973 Supreme Court decision made abortion legal in America, many Catholics were shocked. Many evangelical Protestants and Orthodox Jews also objected. 1973年，美国最高法 院宣布堕胎合法，许多天主教徒对次裁决感到震惊。新 教福音派、以及正统犹太教都反对堕胎。 l Yet more liberal Protestant and Jewish clergymen joined non-believers in maintaining that abortion is a basic right in a pluralistic, or religiously varied, society. 自由新教徒和犹太教牧师加入到信仰者之列， 坚持认为流产是妇女的一项基本权利。 135

Four trends l l l (1)Change from a “Protestant-Catholic. Jewish nation” to a one with multiple religions. (2)swithing of faith: from one Protestant denomination to another, or even from one faith to another (3)many new religious organizational structures emerge (fragmentation, Michael J Weiss) 136

Four trends l l l (4)a new spirituality especially among young Americans. Identify themselves as being spiritual rather than religious Explore several religions rather than just one 22% young men believe in reincarnation Majority: Judeo-Christian 同是犹太教与基督教的, 犹太教与基督教所共有的 137