Stylistics A branch of linguistics studies the various functional styles of speech and the various expressive and devices of language The Colloquial Style The Formal (Bookish, Lofty) Style The Style of official or business documents The Style of scientific works The Publicist (Oratory) Style
Every style has their own functions: The Colloquial style, which has the function of communication The Official and Scientific style, which have the function of informing The Publicist style, which has the function of producing an emotional impact
The Colloquial Style The vocabulary of this style is usually lower than that of the formal or neutral style. It’s often emotionally coloured and characterized by connotations, the use of words with a broad meaning The grammar in the colloquial style 1. The use of shortened variants of word – forms 2. The use of elliptical sentences The syntax is characterized by the use of simple sentences or by the absence of conjunctions between the parts of sentences
Familiar - Colloquial style and Slang Familiar - Colloquial style (a “lower” variant of colloquial style) used in very free, friendly, informal situations of communication. Here we can find emotionally colored words, low – colloquial vocabulary and slang words, jargons (cants) This style use rude and vulgar vocabulary, including swearwords. British slang: crackers = crazy American slang: cabbage = money Professional slang: tin- fish = submarine
The Formal (Bookish, Lofty) Style The Formal style is required in situations of official or restrained relations between the interlocutors. This Style is used in official documents, scientific works, publicist works or public speeches. There is no personal and emotional coloring or familiarity.
The style of Official or Business documents Official and business documents are written in a formal or matter –of- fact style of speech. The vocabulary is characterized by the use of special terminology (memorandum, pact) Lofty words and phrases (to inform = to tell, to assist = to help) The use of abbreviations (MP) The syntax is characterized by the use of non-finite forms (gerund, participle, infinitive)
The Style of Scientific Works This style is presented in two forms: Øoral (scientific reports, lectures, conference) Ø written (Scientific articles, textbooks) Typical features: the use of special terminology , impersonal attitude to the informational (pronoun “WE”, The Passive Voice) The syntax is characterized by: o the use of complete sentences o the use of bookish syntactic constructions o the use of extend attributive phrases o the use of abstract nouns
Publicist (Oratory ) Style The style is used in public speeches and publicist works, which devoted to important social or political events, public problems of cultural or moral character. The main features of this style are clear logical argumentation and emotional appeal to the audience. Public speeches and publicist works can be characterized by verbosity and eloquence.
Genres of Publicist Style The essay - is a kind of feature article. It is characterized by : v clarity and brevity of expression; v the use of the first personal singular; v The use of emotionally coloured words; v the use of metaphors and other figures of speech.
Newspaper speech The typical features in vocabulary: q the use of special political or economical terminology qthe use of bookish vocabulary q frequent use of abbreviations qthe use of neologisms The typical features in grammar: o the use of complete simple sentences, complex and compound sentences; o in headlines the use of elliptical sentences, with the finite verb omitted or replaced by non-finite form.
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