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Stylistic Syntax of the English Language Lecture on English Stylistics 4 th year of Stylistic Syntax of the English Language Lecture on English Stylistics 4 th year of study N. P. Izotova

LECTURE OUTLINE 1. The notion of EM and SD on the syntactical level. 2. LECTURE OUTLINE 1. The notion of EM and SD on the syntactical level. 2. EM of English syntax based on: § the reduction of the sentence structure; § the redundancy of the sentence structure; § the violation of word order in the sentence structure.

LECTURE OUTLINE 3. SD of English syntax based on: § § § the interaction LECTURE OUTLINE 3. SD of English syntax based on: § § § the interaction of syntactical constructions; the transposition of syntactical meaning in context; the transformation of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.

References and Related Literature Мороховский А. Н. , Воробьева О. П. , Лихошерст Н. References and Related Literature Мороховский А. Н. , Воробьева О. П. , Лихошерст Н. И. , Тимошенко З. В. Стилистика английского языка. – К. , 1991. 2. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современного английского языка. – Л. , 2004. 3. Гальперин И. Р. Стилистика английского языка. – М. , 1981. 4. Ивашкин М. П. Практикум по стилистике английского языка: учеб. пос. / М. П. Ивашкин, В. В. Сдобников, А. В. Селяев. – М. : АСТ : Восток – Запад, 2007. 5. Єфімов Л. П. Стилістика англійської мови і дискурсивний аналіз. Учбово-методичний посібник. – Вінниця: «Нова книга» , 2004. 1.

References and Related Literature 6. Kukharenko V. A. Seminars in Stylistics. – M. : References and Related Literature 6. Kukharenko V. A. Seminars in Stylistics. – M. : Флинта, 2010. 7. Скребнев Ю. М. Основы стилистики английского язика: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. – 2 -е изд. – М. , 2003. 8. Методичні вказівки до семінарських та практичних занять із стилістики англійської мови для студентів IV курсу / Уклад. О. П. Воробйова, Л. Ф. Бойцан, Л. В. Ганецька, О. Ю. Дубенко, І. О. Іноземцева, Л. Р. Чеботарьова, Л. Д. Якимчук. – К. : КДЛУ, 1996 (1997). 9. Shakhovsky V. I. English Stylistics: учеб. пос. – М. : Изд-во ЛКИб 2008. 10. Sipmpson P. Stylistics. A recourse book for students. – L. , N. Y. : Routledge, 2004.

What is Stylistic Syntax? Stylistic syntax is the branch of linguistics which investigates the What is Stylistic Syntax? Stylistic syntax is the branch of linguistics which investigates the stylistic value of syntactic forms, stylistic functions of syntactic phenomena, their stylistic classifications as well as their appurtenance to styles. (M. P. Ivashkin)

WHAT IS THE SENTENCE? The sentence is a sequence of relatively independent lexical and WHAT IS THE SENTENCE? The sentence is a sequence of relatively independent lexical and phrasal units (words and word combinations)

A WORD vs. A SENTENCE The sentence structure is changeable: the sentence is not A WORD vs. A SENTENCE The sentence structure is changeable: the sentence is not a unit of constant length possessing neither upper nor lower limitations – it can be: §shortened or extended; §complete or incomplete; §simple, compound, or complex. § length, word order, as well as communicative type are variable

The expressiveness of the sentence depends on: § § § The omission or absence The expressiveness of the sentence depends on: § § § The omission or absence of one or more parts of the sentence; Reiteration (repetition) of some parts; The inverted word order; The interraction of adjacent senetences; The position of clauses within a sentence.

Stylistically unmarked (neutral) sentence pattern: (Subject – Predicate – Object – Determiner) Stylistically unmarked (neutral) sentence pattern: (Subject – Predicate – Object – Determiner)

Syntactical EM EM are viewed as all the deviations from the syntactically unmarked sentence Syntactical EM EM are viewed as all the deviations from the syntactically unmarked sentence pattern (S-P-O-D) that may require stylistic connotations.

Syntactical SD Stylistic SD – stylistically marked means and patterns of combination of sentences Syntactical SD Stylistic SD – stylistically marked means and patterns of combination of sentences within a larger context. n Stylistic SD are created due to the transposition of the syntactical meaning of a sentence in context. n

1) EM based on the omission of the obligatory parts of the sentence § 1) EM based on the omission of the obligatory parts of the sentence § § elliptical sentences; unfinished sentences; nominative sentences; constructions in which auxiliary elements are missing.

Elliptical Sentences e. g. : “Please, sir, will you write to me the post Elliptical Sentences e. g. : “Please, sir, will you write to me the post office. I don’t want my husband to know that I’m –” “Affiliated to art? Well! name of post office” I mean the other guys and myself. In somebody else’s room. (J. Salinger)

Unfinished Sentences e. g. § “ I do apologize, Madam, I feel so … Unfinished Sentences e. g. § “ I do apologize, Madam, I feel so … I would not have troubled …” (S. Hill) § If you go on like this … § People like to be with her. And –” She paused again, “– and was so crazy about you. ” (R. P. Warren) § Я ось йому покажу, де раки зимують. Буде він у мене …

Nominative Sentences e. g. 1)Morning. April. Problems. (unextended) 2) Nice morning. Late April. Horribly Nominative Sentences e. g. 1)Morning. April. Problems. (unextended) 2) Nice morning. Late April. Horribly great problems. (extended) 3) “The very idea of it! The irony of it! That woman! said Soames (multicomponent)

Elliptical vs. One-member structure. n “Dark night. Strong wind. Loneliness” – Hullo! Who are Elliptical vs. One-member structure. n “Dark night. Strong wind. Loneliness” – Hullo! Who are you? – The stuff. – Where are the others? – At the front.

Constructions in which auxiliary elements are missing e. g. Asyndeton: § “Who makes fame? Constructions in which auxiliary elements are missing e. g. Asyndeton: § “Who makes fame? Critics, writers, stockbrokers, women. ” (W. S. Maugham) § “John couldn’t have done such a silly thing, he is enough clever for that. Fathers, mothers, uncles, cousins. § Пан директор сміється, сміється сонце, сміюсь і я.

2) EM based on the redundancy of the neutral syntactical pattern: § § § 2) EM based on the redundancy of the neutral syntactical pattern: § § § Repetition Enumeration Syntactic tautology Polysyndeton Emphatic constructions Parenthetical clauses or sentences

Repetition Simple (ordinary) repetition e. g. She could see roof upon third storey of Repetition Simple (ordinary) repetition e. g. She could see roof upon third storey of the houses on the rising hill (O’Hara) Голова на солому хилиться, хилиться. 1)

Repetition 2) Synonymic repetition – the repetition of the idea but not of words Repetition 2) Synonymic repetition – the repetition of the idea but not of words or phrases themselves: e. g. “Joe was a mild, good-natured, sweettempered, easy-going, foolish dear fellow. ” (Ch. Dickens)

Repetition 3) Extended repetition e. g. : I don’t think Art heard. Pain, even Repetition 3) Extended repetition e. g. : I don’t think Art heard. Pain, even slight pain, tends to isolate. Pain, such as he had to suffer, cuts the last links with society (S. Chaplin)

Repetition 4) Framing e. g. Nothing ever happened in that little town, left behind Repetition 4) Framing e. g. Nothing ever happened in that little town, left behind by advance of civilization, nothing (S. Maugham) Я так і знав, що ви забудете принести книгу. Я так і знав.

Repetition 5) Chain repetition e. g. A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face. Repetition 5) Chain repetition e. g. A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick’s face. Smile extended into a laugh, the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general (W. S. Maugham)

Enumeration e. g. There were cows, hens, goats, peacocks and sheep in the village. Enumeration e. g. There were cows, hens, goats, peacocks and sheep in the village. There was a great deal of confusion and laughter and noise. Місячне сяйво ворушилося на дорогах, спліталося у коронах дерев, ковзалось по солом'яних стріхах.

Syntactic tautology (Prolepsis) Based on the repetition of words which are in meaning and Syntactic tautology (Prolepsis) Based on the repetition of words which are in meaning and grammatically synonymous with one sentence. e. g. The widow Douglas, she took me for her son … (M. Twain) “Miss Tillie Webster, she slept forty days and nights without waking up. ” (O. Henry)

Polysyndeton e. g. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of Polysyndeton e. g. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. Запальна штука – спорт. Вона захоплює і малого, і старого, і немічного.

Emphatic Constructions e. g. I’ll hang myself if it isn’t Barney Woods who did Emphatic Constructions e. g. I’ll hang myself if it isn’t Barney Woods who did it! I do know it!

Parenthetic words, clauses and sentences e. g. They had not seen – no one Parenthetic words, clauses and sentences e. g. They had not seen – no one could see – her distress, not even her grandmother. The main entrance (he had never ventured to look beyond that) was a splendiferous combination of a glass and iron awning …(Th. Dreiser)

3) EM based on the violation of grammatically fixed word order: Stylistic inversion § 3) EM based on the violation of grammatically fixed word order: Stylistic inversion § Syntactical split § Detachment §

Stylistic Inversion e. g. Into this society came Sonia van der Merver when her Stylistic Inversion e. g. Into this society came Sonia van der Merver when her husband had been three years in prison (M. Spark) To this Iris also agree (F. King) Самотності не зносила ріка.

Detachment A deliberate placement of one of the sentence parts to the final position Detachment A deliberate placement of one of the sentence parts to the final position in the sentence: e. g. За кучерявими деревами можна було побачити хатину, не велику і не малу, охайну. Gordon was stubborny crawling to the place of his destination, inch by inch, like a caterpillar.

According to the character of the relations between syntactical structures, possible transpositions of meaning According to the character of the relations between syntactical structures, possible transpositions of meaning in the context, and the means and types of connection within a sentence, the following groups of syntactical SD can be distinguished:

Syntactical SD 1) SD based on the peculiar formal and semantic interaction of syntactical Syntactical SD 1) SD based on the peculiar formal and semantic interaction of syntactical constructions within a sentential or supersentential context: n Parallelism (syntactical repetition), n Lexico-syntactical repetitions: anaphora, epiphora, anadiplosis, chiasmus

Parallelism e. g. I told him you were sick, I told him you were Parallelism e. g. I told him you were sick, I told him you were asleep … (W. Shakespeare) Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal. (T. S. Eliot) Mary cooked dinner, John watched TV, Pete played tennis.

Anaphora e. g. Victory is what we need. Victory is what we expect. Щастя Anaphora e. g. Victory is what we need. Victory is what we expect. Щастя не вміщалося у серці, щастя розривало груди!

Epiphora e. g. It is natural to be scared in a case like that. Epiphora e. g. It is natural to be scared in a case like that. You are sure to be petrified in a case like that. Вона хотіла жити! Повинна була жити!

ANADIPLOSIS e. g. “With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy; happy at ANADIPLOSIS e. g. “With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy; happy at least in my own way. ” (Brontё) Of her father’s being groundlessly suspected, she felt sure. Sure. (Ch. Dickens)

Chiasmus A – B: B – A e. g. It was a shock to Chiasmus A – B: B – A e. g. It was a shock to me that while I observed Thompson, Thompson observed me. (P. Pritchett) "In the end, the true test is not the speeches a president delivers; it’s whether the president delivers on the speeches. “ (Hillary Clinton, March 2008).

Syntactical SD 2) SD based on the transposition of the syntactical meaning in context: Syntactical SD 2) SD based on the transposition of the syntactical meaning in context: rhetorical questions “Oh, why doesn’t she try harder? ” “Oh, why doesn’t he shut up? ”

Syntactical SD 3) SD based on the transformation of the types and means of Syntactical SD 3) SD based on the transformation of the types and means of connection within or between sentences: parcellation, § subordination instead of coordination, § and coordination instead of subordination §

Parcellation A deliberate split of the sentence structure into several parts, which are separated Parcellation A deliberate split of the sentence structure into several parts, which are separated from each other by a full stop: e. g. У школі вона теж писала вірші. Цікаві. Навіть талановиті. Jane hates her boss. Very much.