STRUCTURE GENERAL STRATEGIES n n n Be

STRUCTURE

GENERAL STRATEGIES n n n Be familiar with the directions. Begin with questions 1 through 15. Continue with questions 16 through 40. If you have time, return the questions 11 through 15. Guess to complete the section before time is up.

STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS n n n First study the sentence. Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers.

SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB Engineers ____ for work on the new space project. (A) necessary (B) are needed (C) hopefully (D) next month

SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB Deep in the Rio Bec area of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula __ (A) is a 1, 250 -year-old pyramid lying (B) a 1, 250 -year-old pyramid lie (C) lies a 1, 250 -year-old pyramid (D) does a 1, 250 -year-old pyramid lie

SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB __ almost every major city in the world. (A) (B) (C) (D) Air pollution what now afflicts Air pollution that now afflicts Not only does air pollution now afflict

SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB __ almost every major city in the world. (A) (B) (C) (D) Air pollution what now afflicts Air pollution that now afflicts Not only does air pollution

SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB The conchis, a sea snail, _____ close to 500, 000 eggs when she mates. A. that she lays B. lays C. that lays D. that laying

SKILL 1: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB The conchis, a sea snail, _____ close to 500, 000 eggs when she mates. A. that she lays B. lays C. that lays D. that laying encomium

SKILL 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS With his friend ____ found the movie theater. n has n he n later n when

PREPOSITION about across after against along among around as at before behind beside between beyond by despite down during for from in inside into like near of off on outside over past since throughout to toward under unlike until up upon versus within without

DESPITE Example: Despite the current distance of the storm from land, forecasters are urging residents near the coast to begin taking precautions. NOTE: after despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (that/this/what etc. ) or – ing.

off / on as prepositions Off functions as a preposition of position or movement and is the converse of on. We speak of getting on a bus and off a bus, taking things off the table and putting them on the floor. Off appears in off the coast to describe something that is situated near or next to land, but which is not exactly on the coast Example: The Inner and Outer Hebrides are situated off the Western coast of Scotland.

SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning. Example Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.

SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES Prejudices, _______ essays written by H. L. Mencken, a well-known critic, protests the shallowness of social and cultural aspects of American life. A. a collection of B. it is a collection of C. being a collection of D. is a collection of

SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES Prejudices, _______ essays written by H. L. Mencken, a well-known critic, protests the shallowness of social and cultural aspects of American life. A. a collection of B. it is a collection of C. being a collection of D. is a collection of encomium

SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES The ____, the first daily newspaper in the United States, first appeared in 1783. A. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post B. Pensylvania Evening Post is tow page long C. Pensylvania Evening Post was D. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post’s

SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES The ____, the first daily newspaper in the United States, first appeared in 1783. A. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post B. Pensylvania Evening Post is two page long C. Pensylvania Evening Post was D. two-page Pensylvania Evening Post’s

SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES ___, Jesse Owens won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. A. Excellent speed and running ability B. The outstanding track athlete runs C. An outstanding track athlete D. He had excellent speed and running ability

SKILL 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. The man is talking to his friend. VERB

SKILL 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES The present participle –ing is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. The man talking to his friend has a beard. ADJ.

The child ____ playing in the yard is my son. n now n is n he n was

BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES Thor Heyerdahl, __ from Peru in a frail balsa craft, attempted to prove his theory of South American migration to Polynesia. (A) (B) (C) (D) she set sail has set sail setting sail

BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES Thor Heyerdahl, __ from Peru in a frail balsa craft, attempted to prove his theory of South American migration to Polynesia. (C) she set sail has set sail (D) setting sail (A) (B)

BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES Humans living at high elevations __ to the lower level of oxygen in the air by producing more red blood corpuscles. (A) (B) (C) (D) adjust to adjust the adjustment adjusting

BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES The radiation piercing the atmosphere __ of tanning or burning in humans (A) (B) (C) (D) it is the causing it is the cause

BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln, speaking from notes on an old __ the famous Gettysburg Address in only two minutes time. (A) (B) (C) (D) gave the envelope giving envelope, gave gift of an envelope

SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in –ed, but there also many irregular past participles in English. The family has purchased a television. VERB The poem was written by Paul. VERB

SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES The past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have. The television purchased yesterday was expensive. ADJECTIVE The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine. ADJECTIVE

SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES The reactor core of a nuclear reactor is housed in a steel vessel ___ by a thick layer of concrete. (A) is surrounded (B) it surrounds (C) surrounds (D) surrounded

SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES The Statue of Liberty, completed in Paris in 1884, ___ in New York Harbor in 1886. (A) (B) (C) (D) the unveiling to unveil it unveiled was unveiled

SKILL 6: USE SENTENCE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY n n n Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing. Tom is tall, but Paul is short. Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it. Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed. Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.

Like a mountain, the Empire State Building creates its own updrafts, ___ have been observed to fall up. (A) and snow and rain (B) snow and rain (C) of snow (D) but snow

Using robot Super Achilles, a driverless' submersible, __ can photograph shipwreck up to 2, 000 feet deep, and they can also deploy parachutes to bring artifacts up to the surface. (A) for archeologists to be underwater (B) underwater archeologists (C) archeologists are underwater (D) with archeologists underwater

Using robot Super Achilles, a driverless' submersible, ___ can photograph shipwreck up to 2, 000 feet deep, and they can also deploy parachutes to bring artifacts up to the surface. (A) for archeologists to be underwater (B) underwater archeologists (C) archeologists are underwater (D) with archeologists underwater

Gustave Eiffel is famous for building the Eiffel Tower, ____ for designing the framework of the Statue of Liberty. (A) he is remembered (B) is remembered (C) yet he is seldom remembered (D) yet remembered

SKILL 7: USE ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY l I will sign the check before you leave. l Before you leave, I will sign the check.

ADVERB CONNECTORS indicating time: after as as long as as soon as before by the time now that once since until whenever while Example: The people danced as the music played.

ADVERB CONNECTORS indicating contrast Although even though As much as except that whereas Despite the fact that in spite the fact that While even if not that Example Jim goes hiking, despite the fact that he has asthma.

ADVERB CLAUSE Prior to the discovery of anesthetics in 1846, surgery was done __ was still conscious. (A) while the patient (B) the patient felt (C) during the patient’s (D) while patiently

ADVERB CLAUSE A little fat is essential for humans___ retain body heat, gives muscles energy, and keeps skin soft. (A) as it helps (B) although it (C) it helps (D) in helping

ADVERB CLAUSE The little terrier dog, Bobby, spent fourteen years on his master’s tombstone in Greyfriar’s churchyard shepherd’s ___ it were waiting for the old return. A. B. C. D. as though even though although

ADVERB CLAUSE The little terrier dog, Bobby, spent fourteen years on his master’s tombstone in Greyfriar’s churchyard ___ it were waiting for the old shepherd’s return. A. as though B. even though C. although D. though “as though” indicates a manner.

ADVERB CLAUSE __ Kublai Khan’s archers destroyed the Burmese war elephants, he shattered the elephant cavalry’s myth of invincibility. A. B. C. D. Although Until When So that

ADVERB CLAUSE __ Kublai Khan’s archers destroyed the Burmese war elephants, he shattered the elephant cavalry’s myth of invincibility. A. B. C. D. Although Until When So that The myth was shattered at the time the elephants were destroyed.

The great stone city Angkor flourished for six centuries __ it fell in 1431 and lay prey to the jungle for four long centuries. A. B. C. D. as soon as because until so that

The great stone city Angkor flourished for six centuries __ it fell in 1431 and lay prey to the jungle for four long centuries. A. B. C. D. as soon as because until so that “Until” indicates that the city flourished and then fell.

___ children master the basics, advanced development becomes easier. A. B. C. D. The Once That Even

___ children master the basics, advanced development becomes easier. A. B. C. D. The Once That Even Once means “as soon as” or “whenever” ARCO

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS I don’t know why he said such things. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB I am thinking about why he said such things. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION Why he said such things NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT is not important.

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS “That” indicates a fact. Example: I knew that he had to go. “What” focuses on a fact. Example: Everyone was surprised at what he brought for the picnic. “When” indicates a time. “Where” indicates a place. “Why” indicates a reason. “Who” indicates a person.

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS “How many” indicates a quantity. Ex: I’ve lost count of how many times I’ve broken my glasses. “Whose” indicates possession. Ex: I never found out whose car was parked outside our house. “Whom” indicates a person. Ex: Sue didn’t know to whom he was engaged.

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS __ Freud and Marx were motivated primarily by compassionate concern for suffering humanity is elaborated upon in Fromm’s biography. A. B. C. D. Both are What both Both That both

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS __ Freud and Marx were motivated primarily by compassionate concern for suffering humanity is elaborated upon in Fromm’s biography. A. Both are B. What both C. Both D. That both That completes the sentence by indicating the fact.

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS It was not until 1937 when the southernmost A B source of the Nile river was discovered. C D

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS It was not until 1937 when the southernmost A B source of the Nile river was discovered. C D answer : that ( indicating the fact) Cambridge Structure Test 3

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS The United Nations Organization maintains what water will be at the heart of many A B C future international disputes. D

SKILL 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS The United Nations Organization maintains what water will be at the heart of many A B C future international disputes. D Answer: That (indicating the fact) Cambridge structure 3

SKILL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY I do not know what is in the box. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB We are concerned about who will do the work. NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift. NOUN CLAUSE AS SUBJECT

SKILL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY The following words can be used as connectors in this sentence pattern: who what which whoever whatever whichever Here is an example of how this pattern can be tested in the TOEFL Test ___ was on television made me angry. (A). It (B). The story (C). What (D). When

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE The glass that she put on the table contains milk. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE The woman is filling the glass that is on the table. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE The glass that is on the table contains milk. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY “who” and “whom” are used to refer to people. Example: The man who saw the child works nearby. S V -- OBJ -- (‘who” refers to the man). The man whom we saw works nearby. OBJ S V (“whom” refers to the man).

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Mushrooms, ______ low in calories, are included in most diets. A. are B. which are C. have been D. which

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Mushrooms, ______ low in calories, are included in most diets. A. are B. which are C. have been D. Which www. encomium

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY The lily of the valley displays bell-shaped _______ on one side of a thin stem. l l flowers that are clustered that clustered are that they are clustered flowers are clustered

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY The lily of the valley displays bell-shaped _______ on one side of a thin stem. l flowers that are clustered l that clustered are l that they are clustered l flowers are clustered www. encomium

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Monteverdi, ___ works were mainly written on commission for the private theaters of wealthy Italian nobility, wrote his final opera in 1642. (A) which (B) who (C) whom (D) whose

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Monteverdi, ___ works were mainly written on commission for the private theaters of wealthy Italian nobility, wrote his final opera in 1642. (A) which (B) who (C) whom (D) Whose : showing possession.

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Crossing Death Valley, __ temperatures reach well above 110 degrees Fahrenheit, was a nearly insurmountable task for the early pioneers. (A) which (B) where (C) that (D) those

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY ADV S Crossing Death Valley, where temperatures V reach well above 110 degrees Fahrenheit, was a nearly insurmountable task for the early pioneers. The clause connector “where” take an adverb position

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Those for __ skiing is an obsession would fine life in the Snowy Mountains to their liking. (A)which (B)were (C)whom (D)whose

SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Obj. of Prep Those for whom skiing is an obsession would find life in the Snowy Mountains to their liking. “whom” is the clause connector that can take the object of the preposition and refers to people.

SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS He can go to the movies. Can he go to the movies? You would tell me the truth. Would you tell me the truth? She was sick yesterday. Was she sick yesterday?

SKILL 11: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS What is the homework? When can I leave? Where are you going? l I do not know what the homework is. l When I can leave, I will take the first train. l Do you know where you are going?

SKILL 12: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS l Here is the book that you lend me. l There are the keys that I thought I lost. l Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather. l In the closet are the clothes that you want. l Around the corner is Sam’s house. l Beyond the mountains lies the town where you will live.

SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS For present unreal events, we put the verb in the condition clause one step back — into the past: l I wish I had tickets. l If they were available anywhere, I would pay any price for them.

SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS For past unreal events — things that didn't happen, but we can imagine — we put the verb in the condition clause a further step back — into the past perfect: l I wish I had lived in Los Angeles when the Lakers had Magic Johnson. l If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.

SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS l If he had taken more time, the results would have been better. l Had he taken more time, the results would have been better. l I would help you if I were in a position to help. l I would help you were I in a position to help. l If you should arrive before 6: 00, just give me a call. l Should you arrive before 6: 00, just give me a call.

SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS The report would have been accepted ___ in checking its accuracy. l l if more care had been taken had taken more care had more care been taken

SKILL 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS Were __ millions of dollars each year replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline would be changing even more rapidly. A. the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers not spending B. the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers not spend C. the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers does not spend D. Not spending the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES Example: Hardly ever does he take time off. (This means that he almost never takes time off. ) Seldom does Amanda buy a newspaper.

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES hardly ever neither no sooner…than nor not once not only. . as well not until nowhere only by only then rarely scarcely…when seldom under no circumstances never not often not only. . but also on no occasion only in this way scarcely so

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES ___ should a young child be allowed to play with fireworks without adult supervision. A. Under no circumstances B. No sooner than

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES ___ should a young child be allowed to play with fireworks without adult supervision. A. Under no circumstances B. No sooner than (means never)

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES Not until 1865 ___ the first antiseptic treatment on a compound fracture. A. B. C. D. when Joseph Lister tried when did Joseph Lister try that Joseph Lister tried

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES Not until 1865 ___ the first antiseptic treatment on a compound fracture. A. B. C. D. when Joseph Lister tried when did Joseph Lister try that Joseph Lister tried Cambridge 211

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES Only if packages are labeled properly, A sufferers will be able to avoid severe B C allergic reactions. D

INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES Only if packages are labeled properly, A sufferers will be able to avoid severe B C allergic reactions. D Should be will sufferers. Cambridge 213

THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS STRATEGIES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS l First look at each of the four underlined words or groups of words. l If you have been unable to find the error by looking only at the four underlined expressions, then read the complete sentence. l Never leave any answers blank.

PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT SKILL 14: MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE Example: l (Behind the house) was* the bicycles I wanted. l (Behind the houses) were* the bicycle I wanted.

SKILL 14: MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE Tucked away in the mountains of Bolivia A B C and Peru are the highest navigable lake D in the world.

SKILL 14: MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE Brown rice contains more essential A nutrients than do a comparable B C serving of refined white rice. D

SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT AFTER INVERTED VERBS question negative place V S condition (no if) comparison After question words, negative expressions, place expressions, conditions without if, and comparisons, the verb agrees with the subject, which may be after the verb.

AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Example: The largest of all the herd animals are the musk ox. A B C D Nothing living on the earth are capable of outrunning a cheetah. A B C D

The leaflike sepals of a flower protects the tender petals before A B C the bud opens. D

The age of aquatic fossils are A determined by the Varvae method, which is based on counting annual B layers of sand clay deposited in C a body of water. D

A factor in the formation of deserts are high mountains, which shield the A B desert region from rainfall. C D

SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES S (prepositional phrase) V When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with the subject.

SKILL 12: AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY Example: All of the hoofed mammals walks on the tips of their toes. A B C D Most of the world’s great mountain ranges has been A B C created by the folding of the earth’s crust. D

SKILL 12: AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY Example: All of the hoofed mammals walks on the tips of their toes. A B C D Most of the world’s great mountain ranges has been A B C created by the folding of the earth’s crust.

Not very much of the earth’s land A B surface are covered by glaciers. C D

Most of the bones of a bird is hollow, A B C with the interior honeycombed to give D added strength.

Most of the bones of a bird is hollow, A B C with the interior honeycombed to give D added strength. change is to are

SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY all most some of the (object) V half part When an expression of quantity using of is the subject, the verb agrees with the object.

SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS Example: No one are quite sure how the electricity that causes A B C lightning builds up. D Most pulsars are so faint that nobody are able to see A B C them without a very powerful telescope. D

SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS In spite of the abundance of less expensive fabrics, nothing have A replaced silk as the first choice for B C elegant clothing. D

SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS Every period of growth in trees are A B C marked by an annual growth ring. D

SKILL 13: AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS Nothing from any of the space probes A B have indicated that intelligent life C exists elsewhere in the universe. D

SUBJECT/ VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs: anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+ noun) anyone everyone no one someone every (+ noun) anything everything nothing something

Verb Used with Simple Forms l have l let l make l would rather Example: Penny let her son go on the trip.

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game. agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able begin care choose condescend consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget happen have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish

Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive Everyone expected her to win. advise allow ask beg bring build buy challenge choose command dare direct encourage expect forbid force hire instruct invite lead leave like love motivate order pay permit persuade prepare promise remind require send teach tell urge want warn

Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat. admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss permit postpone practice quit recall report resent resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time)

PROBLEMS WITH PARALLEL STRUCTURE I like to sing and dancing. * l I like to sing and to dance. l I like singing and dancing.

SKILL 15: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS Here are examples of two nouns joined by a coordinate conjunction: l I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager. l You can choose from activities such as hiking and kayaking. Here are examples of two clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction: l They are not interested in what you say or what you do.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS and (same structure) but (same structure) or and (same structure), (same structure) but (same structure) or

SKILL 16: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS The paired conjunctions both…and, either…or, neither…nor, and not only…but also require parallel structures. l I know both where you went and what you did. l Either Mark or Sue has the book. l The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my purse. l He is not only an excellent student but also an outstanding athlete.

USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS My school is farther than your school. To be rich is better than to be poor. What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken. Their car is as big as a small house. Renting those apartments costs about the same as leasing them. The work that I did is similar to the work that you did.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS more…. than (same structure) -er…. than less…. than as……as the same…. . as similar…. . to (same structure)

PROBLEMS WITH COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES SKILL 17: FORM COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY l Bob is taller than Ron. l Sally is more beautiful than Sharon. l Bob is the tallest man in the room. l Sally is the most beautiful of all the women at the party. l The fastest runner wins the race. (no in or of)

USE THE IRREGULAR –ER, -ER STRUCTURE CORRECTLY The harder he tried, the further he fell behind. The more children you have, the bigger the house you need. The harder you work, the more you accomplish. The greater the experience, the higher the salary.

References Phillips, Deborah. 2001. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. and Any sources from the internet and books