Stray dogs and rabies in Bangkok, Thailand Songsri Kasempimolporn Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
Estimated dog population and vaccine coverage in Bangkok, Thailand Data were compiled by The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and the Bureau of National Statistics Dog population House dogs No. vaccinated Stray dogs No. vaccinated 1992 358, 936 240, 786 (67%) 1999 2006 523, 230 823, 504 452, 034 753, 478 (86%) (91%) 40, 019 ? ? 110, 584 ? ? ?
Human deaths from rabies, 1997 -2006 Year Bangkok*/Thailand 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 7/58 4/57 7/68 6/50 8/37 0/30 3/21 0/19 3/20 1/25 * Bitten by dogs located in Bangkok
Sources of rabies transmitted to man, 2002 -2005 Not recorded 9% Not recorded 7% Dog 93% Mongoose 5% 2002 2003 Not recorded 5% Dog 95% 2004 Dog 81% Rabbit 5% Monkey 5% Cat 5% Not recorded 20% Dog 70% 2005
Study of molecular epidemiology of rabies virus that is prevalent among dogs in Bangkok A B Rabies virus N gene was digested with enzyme
rabies virus Type I: Dd. I-Hf. I Type II: Dd. II-Hf. II Type III: Dd. III-Hf. I Type IV: Dd. IV-Hf. I Type V: Dd. IV-Hf. III M I II Hf (D 76) (D 38) (D 4, D 110) Canine III
Dog Cat
Saliva sample collection was done with a total of 3, 314 dogs seen for surgical sterilization during 12/2003 -6/2004
Detection of rabies virus in dog saliva Screening test: The latex agglutination test (Kasempimolporn et al. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 3098 -99) Confirmatory test: RT-PCR with nested primers
Blood sample collection
Determination of rabies antibody in dog serum Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - A minimum value of 0. 5 IU/ml of neutralizing antibodies should be attained to demonstrate seroconversion in humans, and we used the same for the dogs. - An estimated true prevalence of antibodies among stray dogs was calculated using the Rogan-Gladen-estimator and the confidence interval (CI) was set at 95% (Grenier and Gardner, Prev Vet Med 2000; 45: 43 -59)
Latex agglutination test
Dog saliva - ve Control + ve Control DNA Ladder 100 bp Detection of rabies virus RNA in saliva specimen by RT-PCR 524 bp The prevalence of rabies virus infection among stray dogs investigated was 0. 03% (1 of 3, 314)
Seroprevalence of rabies antibodies among stray dogs, based on an ELISA cut-off level of 0. 5 EU/ml Central Bangkok No. tested No. positive Adjusted seroprevalence % 1, 208 887 76 -96 No. teested No. positive 95% CI 86 Bangkok’s outskirts % 2, 106 933 Adjusted seroprevalence 95%CI 49 41 -57 The overall seroprevalence of rabies antibody among stray dogs in Bangkok was 62% (95%CI 54 -70%)
Map of Bangkok depicting the 50 districts. Shaded surface areas represent the districts in which the antibody seroprevalence among stray dogs reached 70%
Conclusions Rabies infection is still prevalent in Bangkok Low vaccination coverage and ineffective management of stray dogs are the most likely reasons for the dog rabies elimination program’s lack of success
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