Statistics 2 Slides prepared by Mursalimova Tamara Maximovna

Statistics 2 Slides prepared by Mursalimova Tamara Maximovna Candidate of Economic Sciences 1

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 1 Basic Concepts about the Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of the Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation 2. 4 Kinds of the Statistical Observation 2. 5 Ways of Data Collection for the Statistical Observation 2. 6 Sources of the Information 2. 7 Errors of the Statistical Observation 2

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 1 Basic Concepts about the Statistical Observation • Statistical observation is a process of the initial data collection, which bases on an own observation of a person over questioning or measuring of concrete parameters of an object of interest. • Statistical observation is a process of information collection over registered data. 3

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 1 Basic Concepts about the Statistical Observation • Initial data, collected through the statistical observation, must answer the definite requirements: - Initial data reliability, i. e. they must correspond to reality and technical accuracy of measurement. 4

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 1 Basic Concepts about the Statistical Observation - Initial data completeness, i. e. the most complete embracing of elements from the population; embracing the most essential sides of a phenomenon; data collection for the maximum prolonged period. 5

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 1 Basic Concepts about the Statistical Observation - Initial data timeliness. Timeless information is of no practical value. 6

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 1 Basic Concepts about the Statistical Observation - Initial data comparativeliness (juxtapositionness) in time and place. Example: United territorial boundaries, united estimations in term of money, unity of the methodology of index calculation. 7

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 1 Basic Concepts about the Statistical Observation - Validity of the selection means that the sample elements must maximal possess the main features of the respective population. 8

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of Statistical Observation When the statistical observation being prepared, there are two groups of questions: I. Program- Methodological II. Organizational 9

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of Statistical Observation I. Program-Methodological Points include: 1. An aim of the observation must be formulated precisely. It must be realistic, within the boundaries of possibility. Example: To get the knowledge about … 10

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of Statistical Observation I. Program-Methodological Points: 2. An object of the statistical observation is what must be studied. Example: People, countries, enterprises, banks, etc. 3. The object consists of its elements. 11

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of Statistical Observation I. Program-Methodological Points: 3. An element of the statistical observation is a bearer of features which are subjected to registration. - A unit under review is a unit from which the necessary data are received. - Sometimes the element of the observation can coincide with the unit under review. 12

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of Statistical Observation I. Program-Methodological Points: 4. A program of the observation is a list of features or questions which are subjected to registration and study. 5. Statistical blanks are documents containing the program and results of the observation. 6. Instructions are explanations concerning the program of the observation. 13

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of Statistical Observation II. An Organizational plan is a main document, including questions of organization and realization of the observation: -A place and time of carrying out the observation. -A period of the observation is the time when the statistical blanks are filled in. 14

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 2 Program-Methodological and Organizational Questions of Statistical Observation II. Organizational plan - Critical moment of the observation is defined by the certain moment of time to receive the comparative data. 15

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation • Forms: 1. Statistical Accounting 2. Statistical Investigation (a special organized statistical observation) 3. Register 16

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation 1. Statistical Accounting - According to Centralization State and Departmental Statistical Accountings Example: Departmental accounting of various branch ministries (Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, etc. ) 17

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation 1. Statistical Accounting - According to Content Typical and Specialized statistical accountings. Example 1: Typical statistical accounting includes number of staff, their wages; income of an enterprise. 18

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation 1. Statistical Accounting - According to Content Example 2: Specialized statistical accountings are used by enterprises of a particular ministry and business – agriculture, construction, trade, education, etc. 19

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation 1. Statistical Accounting - According to Periodicity Annual and Current Statistical Accountings. Current statistical accountings are referred as quarterly, monthly, weekly, and daily. 20

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation 2. The Special Organized Statistical Observation has more extended program than the statistical accounting. It requires huge expenditure of labor, financial, and material resources. Example: Population Census, sociological investigation, sample observation. 21

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 3 Forms of the Statistical Observation 3. The Register is a continuous statistical observation for the prolonged processes having its fixed beginning, period of development and the fixed end. Example: Population register, register of enterprises, etc. 22

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 4 Kinds of the Statistical Observation • There are two kinds of the statistical observation 1. According to Completeness of embracing units of a population - Full observation embraces all units without exception. - Non-full observation embraces the definite part of the population. 23

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 4 Kinds of the Statistical Observation 1. According to Completeness of embracing units of a population • Non-full observations: -Principal array observation studies the largest unit of the population. - Sample observation. - Monographic observation gives detailed description of the most typical units of the population. 24

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 4 Kinds of the Statistical Observation 2. According to Continuity registration of facts on time - Current observations are taken place when registration of facts being made at the moment when they having been happened. Example: Facts of migration, birth, accident. 25

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 4 Kinds of the Statistical Observation 2. According to Continuity registration of facts on time - observations are taken place when observation being carried out through the definite equal intervals of time. - Single observations are taken place when the necessity arises. 26

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 5 Ways of Data Collection for the Statistical Observation 1. Accounting way of data collection is used when statistical data are provided to the Statistical Body according to rules of statistical accounting provision. 2. Expedition way of data collection is used when initial data are collected by registering clerks. And then they fill in blanks themselves and deliver the filled blanks to the Statistical Body. 27

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 5 Ways of Data Collection for the Statistical Observation 3. Appearing way is used when respondents come to a place of registration themselves and give the necessary information. 4. Correspondence way is carried out by mail. 5. Questionnaire way of data collection. 28

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 6 Sources of the Information 1. Direct accounting of fact during the observation through counting, measuring, weighing is fulfilled by researchers themselves. 2. Documentary accounting of facts at the moment when they are happened. Example: Birth, marriage certificates; reclamation of quality of production. 29

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 6 Sources of the Information 3. Opinion poll Example: Population Census, investigation of family finances, sociological investigations. 4. Monitoring is a special organized systematic observation. Monitoring gives the complete information for making decisions. Example: Monitoring of surroundings, living standard. 30

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 7 Errors of the Statistical Observation The are two kinds of errors: I. Errors of registration II. Errors of representativeness 31

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 7 Errors of the Statistical Observation I. Errors of registration arise owing to incorrect establishing facts or when the registration of facts having been wrong. 1. Random errors of registration are made by respondents and registering clerks as a result of their inattentiveness, carelessness, or inaccuracy of measuring instruments. 32

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 7 Errors of the Statistical Observation I. Errors of registration 2. Fixed (systematic) errors of registration: - Intentional errors arise when a respondent gives incorrect information deliberately. - Unintentional errors are brought about by various reasons: rounding errors, program defects. 33

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 7 Errors of the Statistical Observation II. Errors of representativeness are characteristic for a sample observation. • This errors arise when a sample reflects a respective population not fully enough, though registration of every unit data having been done rightly. 34

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 7 Errors of the Statistical Observation II. Errors of representativeness 1. Random errors of representativeness arise when a sample reproduces a whole population insufficiently. 2. Fixed (systematic) errors of representativeness arise owing to infringement of principles of random selection of units from the given population. 35

Topic 2. Statistical Observation 2. 7 Errors of the Statistical Observation Counting and Logical Controls • Counting and logical controls of collected data are used for exposure and removal of made errors. • Counting control tests the accuracy of arithmetical calculations. • Logical control is the logical comprehension of answers over the questions of observation program. • Logical control is conducted by comparison received data with the other sources. 36

Topic 2. Statistical Observation üEnd of Topic 2 37