Statistics 1 Slides prepared by Mursalimova Tamara Maximovna Candidate of Economic Sciences 1
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics 1. 2 Methods of Statistics 1. 3 Problems of Statistics 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК 2
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • It is impossible to rule the state, industries without statistical data and their analysis. • It is impossible to find any social-economic sphere of activity where Statistics not being used. 3
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics is used in the following: Ø Social-economic investigations Ø Studying the living standard, consumer demand, quality of production Ø Valuation of financial and business risks Ø Marketing researches, Medicine, Sport, etc. 4
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Statistics as a science has been developing from the middle of the 17 th century in two directions: descriptive and mathematical • Descriptive Statistics was originated in Germany • At first there were no numerical data in the Descriptive Statistics 5
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Mathematical Statistics was originated in England • It tried to reveal regularities and relationships of social, economic, and demographic phenomena with the aid of various calculations. • Representatives of the Mathematical Statistics were W. Petty and J. Ground 6
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Gottfried Aachenval (1719 -1772) from Germany supposed to apply the term “Statistics” in the meaning of “State-Study’’. 7
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • At present there are three meanings of the term “Statistics”: • Statistics is a special branch of the practical activity. • Statistics is a science. • Statistics is named the generalized statistical data. 8
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Statistics deals with numerical and non numerical information, large and small samples, calculations, tables, graphs. • Statistics studies the common rules of collection, processing and analysis of statistical data. 9
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Statistics is a social science. It has its own subject and specific methods. • Statistics studies mass social-economic and demographic phenomena and processes from quantitative and qualitative sides. • Statistics discovers regularities of variation of different characteristic features through the quantitative study a great deal of facts. 10
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Any statistical investigation consists of three successive stages: 1. Statistical observation, i. e. collection of the initial statistical material. 2. Summary and processing data of the observation. 3. Analysis of generalized data. 11
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Statistical population is a large number of isolated elements of the same type, united by a single qualitative base, but differed one another owing to a variety of features. • Example: Statistical population of people, banks, enterprises, deposits, production, and others. 12
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Statistical index is a quantitative measure of social-economic phenomena and processes having a qualitative content. • There are indices of population volume and indices of population number. Example 1: Volume of production, trade turnover. Example 2: Number of people, banks, buildings. 13
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics • Feature is a characteristic, peculiarity of an element taken from a population. • Variable feature is a feature changing quantitative and qualitative from one element of a population to another or from one period of time to another. • A concrete meaning of the feature of a particular element is named a variant 14
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Variable feature are: • Qualitative or Attributive Features • Quantitative Features • Primary Features • Secondary or Calculated Features • Direct Features • Indirect Features 15
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Variable feature are: • Alternative Features • Discrete Features • Continued Features • Moment Features • Interval Features 16
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Qualitative or Attributive features are expressed by words. Example: Profession, nationality and sex of a person. 17
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Quantitative features are expressed by numbers. Example: Age of a person, length of services, wages. 18
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Primary features characterize an element of a population by absolute values. Example: Number of workers at a factory, volume of output, number of produced cars, etc. 19
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Secondary or Calculated features are not measured, they are calculated. Example: Unit cost, labor productivity. 20
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Direct features are properties being intrinsic to an object of interest immediately. Example: Age of a man, number of workers. 21
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Indirect features are properties belonging not to the object itself but other elements including in it. Example: Labor productivity of the workers at the factory. 22
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Alternative features are features which can take only two opposite meanings. Example: Yes, No. 23
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Discrete features are features taking only integer meanings without intermediate ones. Example: Number of members of a family, number of building’s stories. 24
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Continued features are able to take any integer and fractional meanings. Example: Age, weight, wages. 25
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Moment features characterize the object of interest at the appointed moment of time. Example: Data of number of people are given as of January 1, 2013. 26
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Classification of Features in Statistics • Interval features characterize the object of interest for a time. Example: Data of sold production are given over the period of 2008 -2012. 27
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Statistical Index System • Statistics must show the integrated picture of a country development through the system of coordinated and interconnected statistical indices. • The statistical index system changes in time, because statistical indices depend on the concrete conditions of place and time. 28
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 1 Basic Concepts and Categories in Statistics Statistical Index System Example: System of indices characterizing production and economic activity of the enterprise, securities market, international relations. 29
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 2 Methods of Statistics • Statistical methods are: 1. Method of statistical observation 2. Grouping method 3. Method of generalized indices 4. Index method 5. Time series data method 6. Correlation and regression analysis 7. Table and graph methods, and others. 30
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 2 Methods of Statistics • Any statistical research consists of three stages. • At the first stage it is necessary to collect primary data. • Method of statistical observation is applied. 31
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 2 Methods of Statistics • At the second stage it is necessary to process the collected data and by that to receive the statistical information. • Method of statistical groupings is applied. 32
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 2 Methods of Statistics • At the third stage it is necessary to analyze the generalized statistical data. • Methods of generalizing statistics, index method, method of dynamic numbers, correlation and regression analysis are applied, etc. 33
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 3 Problems of Statistics • To collect necessary primary data, to process them, to calculate generalizing parameters and to analyze them according to the purpose of statistical research. 34
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК • There are common principles of organization of the Statistics in the RK. They are: • Centralization of the accounting and statistics. • Centralized system of the Statistics Bodies. • Indissoluble ties the Statistics Bodies with the Bodies of the State Administration. 35
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК • The activity coordination of the Statistics Bodies is realized by the Agency of the RK on Statistics The main problems of the RK Statistical Agency are: • Thorough study, generalization and analysis all the social-economic and demographic processes and development tendencies in the RK. 36
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК • The activity coordination of the Statistics Bodies is realized by the Agency of the RK on Statistics. 37
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК The main problems of the RK Statistical Agency are: • Insuring the integrity, objectivity, and reliability of statistical indices characterizing the RK. • Methodological collation our statistical indices with the international standards. 38
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК The main problems of the RK Statistical Agency are: • Systematic informing the State Administration Bodies, the public about the social-economic and demographic processes in the RK. • Spreading the statistical information. • International statistical cooperation and exchange the statistical information. 39
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК The Statistics Bodies consists of four levels: Central level • Central Machinery • Information and Computation Centre • Centre for Distribution of Information 40
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК • Regional level includes 16 Regional Statistics Administrations and 16 Regional Statistics Information Centers. • Lowest Regional level includes 199 District Departments. • Level of a Village Districts includes 2319 statisticians. 41
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК The Central Machinery consists of following departments: • Department of Coordination and Statistical Instrument Set • Department of Analysis and Publications of Statistical Information • Department of National Accounting 42
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan 1. 4 Organization of Statistics in the РК The Central Machinery consists of following departments: • Department of Statistics of Production • Department of Statistics of Service Sphere • Department of Statistics of Price and Labor • Department of Social and Demographic Statistics • Department of Administrative and Financial Works 43
Topic 1. Subject, Methods, and Tasks of Statistics. Organization of Statistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan üEnd of Topic 1 44
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