State of the Program NASA Ocean Biology

State of the Program: NASA Ocean Biology & Biogeochemistry Paula Bontempi NASA Headquarters Ocean Color Research Team Meeting 1 May 2008

SMD Organization Associate Administrator (AA) (Ed Weiler, Act) Deputy AA (Chuck Gay) Deputy AA for Programs (Mike Luther) AAA for Strategy, Policy & International (Marc Allen) Chief Scientist (Paul Hertz) DCS for ES (Randy Friedl, moving) DCS for SS (vacant) Senior Advisor for R & A (Yvonne Pendleton, ? ) Senior Advisor for Science Process & Ethics (no) Special Asst for NEOs and Exploration (Dan Durda) Senior Advisor (Colleen Hartman, sabbatical) Chief Engineer (K. Ledbetter) Management & Policy Division Dir. (R. Maizel) Deputy (Vacant) Heliophysics Division Dir. (R. Fisher) Deputy (V. Elsbernd-Act) Budget (C. Tupper) Policy & Administration (G. Williams- Act) Blue dashed boxes denote individuals who report to other organizations, but support SMD Executive Officer (Jens Feeley) Safety & Mission Assurance (P. Martin) Earth Science Division Dir. (M. Freilich) Deputy (B. Cramer) Dep - Programs (vacant) Flight (S. Volz) Applied Science (T. Fryberger) Research (J. Kaye) Astrophysics Division Dir. (J. Morse) Deputy (R. Howard) Planetary Science Division Dir. (J. Green) Dep. (J. Adams) Mars Program (D. Mc. Cuistion) Draft: March 3, 2008

Earth Science Division Michael Freilich, Director Bryant Cramer, Deputy Director Vacant, Deputy Director for Programs 1 CS Mgmt Analyst, 2 Program Support, 1 Secretary Research Flight Programs Applied Sciences Jack Kaye, Associate Director Steve Volz, Associate Director Teresa Fryberger, Associate Director Lucia Tsaoussi, Deputy Associate Director Steve Neeck, Deputy Associate Director (Act. ) (Vacant), Deputy Associate Director 7 CS Program Executives, 1 IPA PE, 3 Detailee PE In 4 CS Program Officers 15 CS Program Scientists, 5 IPA PS, 2 Detailee PS In, 1 Detailee PS Out, 1 Secretary, 1 Einstein Fellow Earth Science Technology Office (@ GSFC) George Komar, Associate Director Amy Walton, Deputy 9 CS Technologists (badged to GSFC) 1 Secretary Nov. 29, 2007 pm

New Measurements

Missions in Formulation and Implementation OSTM 6/2008 OCO 12/2008 GLORY 6/2009 AQUARIUS 5/2010 SOLAS? NPP 6/2010 ICESat-II 2015 GPM 6/2013, 11/2014 SMAP 2012 LDCM 7/2011 6

Earth Science New Initiative NEW vs. PREVIOUS (hatched) MISSION PROFILE 7

Advance Plan: Earth’s Living Ocean: The Unseen World NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program Team from April 2005: Michael Behrenfeld, Heidi Dierssen, Paul Di. Giacomo, Steve Lohrenz, Chuck Mc. Clain, Frank Muller-Karger, Dave Siegel, (Paula Coble) May 2006 -October 2006: Posted for Public Comment Reviewers: Tony Freeman, Norm Nelson, Jim Yoder March 2007: Briefed to NRC OSB April 2007: Negotiations with NRC for review (OSB and SSB) September 2007: Comments incorporated April 2008: Briefed to NRC SSB April 2008: Letter drafted for NASA SMAC review

Future Science – A Blank Slate Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program planning document identifies a global ocean mission with enhanced spectral resolution from the UV to SWIR as the top priority future mission. Measurements will contribute greatly toward achieving all four ocean-related science objectives identified in the NASA Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems roadmap (circled in red, right) 1. How are ocean ecosystems and the biodiversity they support influenced by climate and environmental variability and change, and how will these changes occur over time? 2. How do carbon and other elements transition between ocean pools and pass through the Earth System, and how do biogeochemical fluxes impact the ocean and Earth's climate over time? 3. How (and why) is the diversity and geographical distribution of coastal marine habitats changing, and what are the implications for the well-being of human society? 4. How do hazards and pollutants impact the hydrography and biology of the coastal zone? How do they affect us, and can we mitigate their effects?

GEO partnership

New Measurements If ACE were to move to the top of the Tier II list of missions, Launch Readiness Date (earliest) would be 2020. Venture Class… Science Questions translate to Observations

Systematic Measurements

NASA Current and Approved Oceans and Ice Missions Beyond OSTM (2008) and Aquarius (2010), there are no approved NASA oceanographic satellite missions 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 NPOESS OPS Directed TOPEX/P. JASON OSTM Quik. SCAT AQUA/MODIS TERRA/MODIS ICESAT NPP Competed GRACE AQUARIUS Commercial Sea. Wi. FS Primary Mission Approved Extended Mission Conditionally Approved Extended Mission Today

NASA Current and Approved Oceans and Ice Missions Beyond OSTM (2008) and Aquarius (2010), there are no approved NASA oceanographic satellite missions 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 NPOESS OPS Directed AQUA/MODIS NPP VIIRS ? Competed Commercial Sea. Wi. FS Safehold as of 1. 3. 2008 Primary Mission Approved Extended Mission Conditionally Approved Extended Mission Today

VIIRS Level 1 Requirements Limits in NASA's role imposed by the Level-1 requirements (2003): 2. 1 The SDS shall be designed with the assumption that the operational IPO IDPS generated NPP EDRs do not require reprocessing or re-computation in order to support climate research needs. Consequently, the SDS will not be designed to routinely generate climate data products which require long-term archival in ADS. 2. 1. 2. 3 In developing the SDS, the Project shall assume that EDRs produced by the IDPS are climate quality and put in place the capability to test that hypothesis in order to contribute to improving the quality of future EDRs. The SDS shall provide suggested algorithm improvements to the IDPS. Note: 1) The assumption underlying these requirements is demonstrably false, since no satellite sensor has ever produced research-quality data without reprocessing; 2) NASA NPP Project (SDS) funding will not support generation of better products (than the EDRs); Calls in to question future systematic obs of ocean biological and biogeochemical properties

VIIRS Science Issues List not in priority order: 1 - Vis. NIR IFA Optical Crosstalk* 2 - Vis. NIR ROIC Static Electronic Crosstalk 3 - Vis. NIR Dynamic Crosstalk 4 - LWIR/SMWIR Static Crosstalk and/or Ghosting 5 - Gain Switch Noise and Linearity 6 - Stray Light Contamination 7 - Reflective Bands Uniformity 8 - Emissive Bands Calibration 9 - Relative Spectral Response (RSR) Measurements – characterization data receipt in a timely fashion 10 - End-to-End Calibration (SD-SASSDSM) 11 - Sensor Stability (Temperature, SC voltage, EMI/EMC) 12 - Response Versus Scan (RVS) Angle 13 - Characterization of Polarization Sensitivity 14 - Ambient to T/V to On-orbit Spatial Performance Delay in delivery of VIIRS FU-1 and launch for NPP (eight months) Need an assessment of the impact the IFA replacement would have on the new baseline; real technical risk associated with the replacement procedure; FU-1 ability to meet the Ocean Color (and potentially aerosol) requirements is severely compromised.

Ocean Color Community Letter & Response (NOAA) – December 2007 1. Should NPP be delayed, unable to seek changes to VIIRS due to unreasonable risk in opening up the optics module in which the filter resides. 2. Implement changes to VIIRS on NPOESS C 1 (1330) to ensure radiometric performance for ocean color, pre-flight test data sets available in a timely/transparent manner. 3. European Space Agency (ESA) - easier access to MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data for U. S. , resolve calibration, sensor performance, technical issues. Same for ESA's Sentinel-3, for applications in coastal waters; narrow swath/long revisit time of MERIS, attributes for Sentinel-3, limit utility. 4. Indian Space Research Organization’s (ISRO) Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM-II) Ocean. Sat-2 (Q 3 2008). NOAA-NASA to ISRO 21 January. Design of OCM-II more potential for global climate research, details on sensor characterization and calibration 5. Ocean color free-flyer as single agency mission, multi-agency mission, commercial partnership/data-buy. Foreign data streams as supplements to a U. S. capability for climate-quality ocean color observations, but realistic concerning what can afford. Recognize requirement for dedicated program for calibration/validation; algorithm development, evaluation; data processing, re-processing, distribution, archiving; support for research and operations

Systematic Measurements NASA’s role in NPP Project ends Launch + 6 months NASA’s Science Data System will only evaluate standard products for use as climate research products; can make recommendations, but have no direct influence on program, no reprocessing, no data product(ion) No lunar or vicarious calibration plan for NPP No NASA NPP Science Team (no ROSES element or budget line) No role for NASA in NPOESS

Climate Data Records v. Earth System Data Records • Climate Data Record • A time series of measurements of sufficient length, consistency, and continuity to determine climate variability and change. (NRC, 2004) The NRC further segmented satellite-based CDRs into: • fundamental CDRs (FCDRs), which are calibrated and quality-controlled sensor data that have been improved over time, and • thematic CDRs (TCDRs), which are geophysical variables derived from the FCDRs, such as sea surface temperature and cloud fraction. • Earth System Data Record • Observations of a parameter of the Earth system optimized to meet requirements to address Earth science questions and to provide for applications. • Low level and high level products are involved in ESDR’s • Higher level products depend on products such as reflectance and vegetation index. • Hierarchical organization is useful • Need to derive priority from the importance of the end use • Explicit attention to error, uncertainty, and precision is required in definition and production. • Issue of consistency between user sub-groups and ESDR’s – important for the modeling community • Need to consider what will be needed to create the retrospective data record WHO DOES IT FOR SATELLITE DATA? – NOAA HAS THE FUNDS FY 09

Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems Focus Area Advance Planning (Management Operations Working Group) Engage the broad NASA carbon cycle and ecosystems community to reevaluate NASA directions, goals, approaches, and priorities in carbon cycle and ecosystems research. Responsive to and informing Agency strategic roadmapping considering the NRC Decadal Survey. Focusing on key science questions for the CC&E focus area Committee has had a recent meetings and is revising its charge, Co-Chairs selected by Focus Area Lead (Diane Wickland) are John Foley and Michael Behrenfeld (H. Sosik, D. Barber, J. Yoder, P. Di. Giacomo, C. Del. Castillo)

Vicarious Calibration/Validation Activities: Round Robins/Workshops Redirection of Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Funds to support new instrumentation in sensor development, ocean color sensor calibration, and data product validation: next generation research questions require equipment that does not exist (NOPP BAA in September 2007, closed December 2007, proposals reviewed April 2008) - Protocols - QA/QC Procedures for Data - Round robins Ultimately, the international agencies are going to have to implement guidelines for quality assurance as well

Vicarious Calibration/Validation Activities: Round Robins/Workshops • Ocean Optics Protocols – on-going activity • Uncertainties with methods • IOP Instrument Uncertainties – Paula Bontempi/Stan Hooker/ PM Talk – Sept 2008 • how PIs measure instrument performance and uncertainties • data processing • review existing protocols • HPLC Quantitation in Coastal Waters – Sea. HARRE-4 • Go beyond existing dynamic range of SH experiments (0. 2 -26. 2 mg m-3) • Common AOP Data Processing Interface • Automatic interface for submitting data in common format • Vicarious Calibration Site Selection + alternatives – NOPP, DS studies • Revisit site selection since 1980’s, BOUSSOLE, BATS, HOT • Other approaches? – sync with ORION studies ** PIs funded via ROSES required to participate in workshops and meetings** • Workshops proposed by community members: • P. Coble on CDOM – Chapman Conference Planned • Y. Gao on atmospheric deposition of iron to ocean – deferred until FY 09?

ROSES/NOPP/ECOHAB Requirements http: //nspires. nasaprs. com/ - Solicitations - Open Solicitations - Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science (20 xx) - Click on link to read “Solicitation” - Look at Table 2 – program elements in order of Due Date TABLE 2: SOLICITED RESEARCH PROGRAMS (IN ORDER OF PROPOSAL DUE DATES) [1] APPENDIX PROGRAM NOI/ Step-1 DUE DATE [2] PROPOSAL DUE DATE B. 5 Heliophysics Guest Investigators 3/14/2008 5/9/2008 C. 9 Jupiter Data Analysis 3/20/2008 5/15/2008 A. 16 Hurricane Science Research 3/14/2008 5/16/2008 C. 2 Cosmochemistry [3][4] 3/21/2008 5/16/2008 C. 4 Planetary Geology and Geophysics [3][4]3/21/2008 5/16/2008 A. 7 Modeling, Analysis, and Prediction N/A 5/23/2008 E. 3 Origins of Solar Systems [4] 4/9/2008 5/23/2008 C. 10 Cassini Data Analysis 4/4/2008 5/30/2008 C. 22 Fellowships for Early Career Researchers (current fellows) N/A 5/30/2008 D. 4 Astrophysics Theory and Fundamental Physics 4/4/2008 5/30/2008 A. 6 Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry 4/1/2008 6/2/2008 A. 25 New Investigator Program in Earth Science Not solicited this year B. 4 Heliophysics Theory Not solicited this year

ROSES/NOPP/ECOHAB Requirements A. 6 Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry 1. Scope of Program = Boiler plate 2. Description of Solicited Research 2. x – Subtopics that are solicited (e. g. Fisheries) 2. x. x – Detailed within each subtopic (e. g. , Cod lifecycle) 3. Programmatic Requirements Read these very carefully! They are your key to not having your proposal thrown in to the Non-Responsive bin and taken out of consideration for funding. Not standard, but specific to a research program element. 4. Summary of Key Information - Table with summary of duration of awards (up to 4 yrs), funds available, general information, due dates, where to find key information and get answers on formatting, submission, POC, etc Amendments are announced via E-mail: do not respond to the announcement text, read the full amendment and note where the paragraph reads, " more information on this program element can be found at http: //xxx. xx. ”

ROSES/NOPP/ECOHAB Requirements A. 6 Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry 3. Programmatic Requirements - All proposals that respond to the Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program element must utilize remotely sensed (e. g. , ocean color) observations. Research supported under all Subelements is required to address uncertainties and quantify errors. - Coordinated or linked projects should be proposed separately. Individual efforts may be linked with other projects, and these linkages must clearly and explicitly be called out by all involved proposals and investigators. Investigators should make clear any special requirements, e. g. , ship time (investigators should make arrangements directly with ship sponsors), aircraft support (see http: //www. nasa. gov/centers/dryden/research/Air. Sci/), or high-end computing requirements (see Section I(d) of the ROSES Summary of Solicitation). - Funding for these tasks will begin in Fiscal Year 2009. All data collected will be subject to the standard NASA Earth Science data policy (http: //science. hq. nasa. gov/research/daac/datapolicy. html). - Investigators selected will be required to attend the annual NASA Ocean Color Research Team meeting or equivalent within the United States (e. g. , PIs should budget a four day trip to the farthest coast once per year, unless specified otherwise). - Beginning with ROSES 2008, it will be required to participate in Round Robin/workshop activities if you make measurement such as IOPs, AOPs, etc. To be discussed this PM.

ROSES/NOPP/ECOHAB Requirements A. 6 Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Of the required sections: please make sure to take care. Budget justifications must be clear Quotes for research equipment must be included Data Submission Policy – remember the one-year requirement; Giulietta Fargion is the OB&B Data Manager and will work with each PI to help submission to Sea. BASS within one year of data collection, also the contact for submitting HPLC samples to HPL for analyses