Standards Regulations and Liability ECE 2799 December 8

Standards, Regulations and Liability ECE 2799 December 8, 2008 Philip Cordeiro Adjunct Researcher– ECE Department

Overview § § § § Introduction Classes of Standards Anatomy of a Standards Development Standards Bodies Standards Compliance Standards Evolution 2 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Introduction § § What is a standard? Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary: something set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, or quality 3 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Introduction § § § Why do we need standards? Interoperability Safety Innovation Consumer confidence 4 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Classes of Standards § Three Classes of Standards – Voluntary – Interoperability • Open • Closed – Safety 5 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Classes of Standards § Voluntary – Not required by law – Public – Often a marketing tool – Examples • ISO 9001 • ASTM D 4236 • NHTSA Crash Ratings 6 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Classes of Standards § Open Interoperability – May be required by law, mandatory – Public – Help to prevent interference, or provide immunity, between products – Examples • • FCC Part 68 W 3 C SOAP FCC Part 15 IEEE 802. 11 n 7 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Classes of Standards § Closed Interoperability – Not required by law – Private, proprietary – Often a marketing tool – Examples • Super-G • J-Rex PM 8 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Classes of Standards § Safety – Usually required by law, mandatory – Public – Intended to provide safe products – Examples • CPSC Part 1205 • IEC/CLC TR 62102 • ITU-T K. 20 9 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § § § Purpose Scope References Definitions and Abbreviations Specifications and Requirements Testing Methodology and Compliance Criteria 10 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § Purpose The purpose of this standard is to reduce danger of injury and loss of life by providing, on a national basis, standard methods of testing and rating the flammability of textiles and textile products for clothing use, thereby discouraging the use of any dangerously flammable clothing textiles. 11 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § Scope The standard provides methods of testing the flammability of clothing and textiles intended to be used for clothing, 1, a, b establishes three classes of flammability, sets forth the requirements which textiles shall meet to be so classified, and warns against the use of those textiles which have burning characteristics unsuitable for clothing. 12 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § References The methods of test and classifications outlined herein agree with all essential requirements of the Standard Test Method for Flammability of Clothing Textiles, of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. 13 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § Definitions and Abbreviations As used in this part, unless the context otherwise specifically requires: (a) The term act means the ``Flammable Fabrics Act'' (approved June 30, 1953, Pub. Law 88, 83 d Congress, 1 st sess. , 15 U. S. C. 1191; 67 Stat. 111) as amended, 68 Stat. 770, August 23, 1954. (b) The terms rule, rules, regulations, and rules and regulations, mean the rules and regulations prescribed by the Commission pursuant to section 5(c) of the act. (c) The term United States means, the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Territories, and Possessions of the United States. 14 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § Specifications and Requirements (a) No article of wearing apparel or fabric subject to the act and regulations shall be marketed or handled if such article or fabric, when tested according to the procedures prescribed in section 4(a) of the act, is so highly flammable as to be dangerous when worn by individuals. 15 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § Testing Methodology and Compliance Criteria (a)(1) Number and size of specimens required. Five specimens, each measuring 2 by 6 inches, are required for each test. (4) If the specimens in the preliminary test, when tested as described in paragraph (g) of this section, do not ignite or are very slow burning, or should have a fire-retarding finish, a swatch large enough to provide the specimens required for the test, with allowance for shrinkage in dry cleaning and washing, is subjected to the dry cleaning and washing procedures described in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section. The specimens for the flammability test are then taken from it. 16 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Anatomy of a Standard § Testing Methodology and Compliance Criteria 17 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Development § Two Standards Development Processes – Singular – Consensus § Membership – Individuals – Company – Government Agency § Accessibility – Free – Fee 18 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Development § Singular – Individuals or Company • Developed due to a business need • May be public or private • Widespread acceptance – de facto standard – Submission to a standards body – Government Agency • Public • Often mandatory, regulatory 19 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Development § Consensus – Standards Bodies • Many different formats – Majority rules – Most technical work performed in committees (working groups, task groups) – Generally have annual or semi-annual meetings between committees 20 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Development § Consensus – Secretariat • Administers day-to-day operations • Publishes standards • Collects fees – Open participation • Free • Fee 21 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Bodies § United Nations (U. N. ) – ITU § Government Agencies – FCC – FDA – NIST – CPSC – OSHA 22 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Bodies § National Standards Organizations – ANSI § International Standards Organizations – ISO – IEC § Professional Associations – IEEE 23 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Bodies § Industry Trade Groups – 1394 Trade Association – USB Implementers Forum – ETSI – IETF § Special Interest Group (SIG) – PCI-SIG – ACM-SIGBED – Bluetooth 24 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Bodies § Notified Body – TÜV § Military – MIL-SPEC 25 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Compliance § § Accredited Test Laboratory Self Certification 26 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Compliance § Certification Marks 27 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Compliance § Certification Marks 28 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Compliance § Certification Marks 29 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Compliance § Certification Marks 30 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Compliance § Logos 31 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Standards Evolution § § § Clarify Omissions or Inconsistencies Technological Improvements Market Demand 32 Worcester Polytechnic Institute