Stage 1 Austin s puzzle truth value 真值条件 Austin s classification

Stage 1 Austin's puzzle(truth value 真值条件) Austin's classification of Constatives and Performatives Stage 2 Austin's new model Austin's classification of illocutionary act Stage 3 Searle's classification of illocutionary act Searle's indirect speech act

illocutionary act a request a directive Oh, it’s raining! a complaint

Searle's classification • representatives 阐述类 e. g. : I'm an English major. • directives 指令类 e. g. : What about closing the door? • commissives 承诺类 e. g. : I'll take you to the zoo this sunday. • expressives 表达类 e. g. : May you succeed! • declarations 宣告类 e. g. : I now declare the meeting open.

Types of Speech Act 常见的言语行为类别 • the speech act of request l “请求”言语行为 • the speech act of refusal l “拒绝”言语行为 • the speech act of persuasion l “劝说”言语行为 • the speech act of apology . . . l “致歉”言语行为

劝说言语行为研究: 《红楼梦》中的劝说言语行为探讨

拒绝言语行为研究: 《红楼梦》中的拒绝言语行为探讨

Refusals realized by representatives • In Chapter 36, Baoyu came to find Lingguan, an opera singer, and asked her to sing, but Lingguan refused him by telling him the truth. • (23) To his (Baoyu) surprise she sat up and moved away. • “I’ve strained my voice, ” she said gravely. “I didn’t even sing the last time Her Imperial Highness sent for us. ” Lingguan refused Baoyu’s request by providing him with the reason that she strained her voice, and she further stated that even when Her Imperial Highness sent for her to sing, she didn’t sing, either. The reason why she added this is that she wanted Baoyu to believe her and forgive her refusal. 2018/3/16

Refusals realized by directives • In Chapter 26, when Daiyu came to visit Baoyu at night, finding that the gate of Happy Red Court was closed, she knocked at the door. Qingwen answered like this: • (29) “They’ve all gone to bed, ” she cried, not troubling to ask who it was. “Come back tomorrow. ” Here Qingwen conducted two illocutionary acts simultaneously. The first utterance she made is a representative, which aims to make Daiyu believe that all of them have gone to bed and thus is inconvenient to let her in. Her second utterance is a directive, which advises Daiyu to come back the next day. 2018/3/16

Refusals realized by commissives • In Chapter 48, Xue Pan went out for business, and Xiangling, Xue Pan’s concubine, was brought into the Garden in company with Baochai. She asked Baochai to teach her poem writing, and Baochai declined her request like this: • (34) “Can you take this opportunity, dear miss, to teach me to write poetry? ” • “The more you get, the more you want!” chuckled Baochai. “As this is your first day here, I advise you to start by paying your respects to all the ladies in the different apartments outside the Garden’s east gate, beginning with the old lady. …” Of course, Baochai was glad to teach Xiangling, but she thought the more important thing for Xiangling to do first was to pay respects to all the ladies. So she advised her to visit the ladies and the misses first; postponing learning poems. Her implication was that as soon as Xiangling finished visiting the ladies, she’ll teach her to write poetry. 2018/3/16

Refusals realized by expressives • In Chapter 30, Lady Wang cursed Jinchuan, her maid, and was determined to dismiss her because Jinchuan behaved shamelessly in front of Baoyu. (35) “Yuchuan!” ordered Lady Wang. “Go and tell your mother to come at once and take your sister away!” • At these words Jinchuan fell on her knees and burst into tears. • “I shan’t let it happen again, madam, ” she cried. “Whip me, scold me or punish me as you please, but for pity’s sake don’t send me away! I’ve been with Your Ladyship more than ten years. If you dismiss me now, how can I look anyone in the face again? ” Jinchuan refused Lady Wang’s request and begged her forgiveness. She expressed her regret first by saying “I shan’t let it happen again”, then she added that she would feel humiliated if taken away. Here, she used an expressive to expose her two feelings: regret and shame. Her beg became stronger and more persuasive by means of the expressive 2018/3/16 to refuse.

Refusals realized by declarations • In Chapter 15, the Prince of Beijing came to mourn over Qin Keqing’s death. After he finished his condolence, Jia She and Jia Zhen begged him to return. • (38) Then Jia She and Jia Zhen stepped forward and begged the prince to return, but he demurred: “The deceased has become an immortal and left our dusty world. Although by the favour of the Son of Heaven I have succeeded to this title, how can I precede the carriage of an immortal? ” The Prince of Beijing was a royal member who had supreme power and formidable authority, thus he refused Jia She and Jia Zhen’s request when they begged him to return by declaring that he couldn’t precede the carriage of an immortal. What he had declared brought the 2018/3/16 immediate change: Jia She and Jia Zhen thanked him and left.

Yesterday Once More When I was young I'd listen to the radio Waiting for my favorite songs When they played I'd sing along, It made me smile. Those were such happy times and not so long ago How I wondered where they'd gone. But they're back again just like a long lost friend, All the songs I love so well. Every shalala every wo'wo still shines. Every shing-a-ling that they're starting to sing so fine When they get to the part where he's breaking her heart It can really make me cry just like before. It's yesterday once more. (Shoobie do lang) Looking back on how it was in years gone by And the good times that I had makes today seem rather sad, So much has changed. It was songs of love that I would sing to them And I'd memorize each word. Those old melodies still sound so good to me As they melt the years away Every shalala every wo'wo still shines Every shing-a-ling that they're starting To sing so fine All my best memories come back clearly to me Some can even make me cry just like before. It's yesterday once more. (Shoobie do lang) Every shalala every wo'wo still shines. Every shing-a-ling-a-ling that they're starting to sing so fine

Letters of claim Dear John, Claim on portable computers We have received your shipment of 400 portable computers on our order K-6023. While appreciating your prompt shipment, however, we regret to inform you that two cases labeled as F/No. 5 and F/No. 9 were broken with the result that 50 portable computers contained were damaged to various degrees. We think the packing is not strong enough to protect the goods. Your failure to do this caused the unfortunate result. We informed an authorized surveyor at once, who examined the goods in the presence of the shipping company’s agents, and we are sure the enclosed surveyor’s report will prove our view to be right. Under such circumstances, we shall have to dispose of the damaged cameras at a greatly reduced price below 50% of their invoice cost. Therefore, we suggest you make us an allowance to make up for the loss accordingly, says US $40 for each damaged portable computer. We hope no difficulty will arise in connection with the claim and thank you in advance for your cooperation. Yours sincerely, Jason Ko Marketing Manager

Letters of claim Delta Novelty Company 3217 SW 31 st St. Topeka, KS 66614 Subject: Request for credit in account The case of Hippity Holiday Bunnies that I purchased from your company do not hop. I am, therefore, returning them to you and requesting that you credit my account for the amount charged plus shipping. The Hippity Holiday Bunnies that arrived at my store had faulty mechanisms which caused them to fall over instead of hop―as promised in your sales brochure. Because I plan on selling off my line of seasonal items within the next three weeks, I wish my account to be issued a credit instead of you replacing the faulty merchandise. Please find enclosed the copies of your invoice, #1342, in the amount of $36 and my invoice for shipping charges of $2. 95. Your quality products have always sold well in my store, and I look forward to seeing your new line of fall items as soon as they are available. In the meantime, your prompt attention to this matter is appreciated. Martha Sacks

Language strategies of speech acts in letters of claim representatives directives commissives expressives declarations

劝说言语行为研究：会话结构第一集： 20: 02—— 32: 55

三喜嫂子 n n n n 老支书寒暄：想媳妇呢邀请：刚从县里回来，上家吃饭去；不用客气；可香了套近乎：加点料提味；常吃；一人在外不容易提问：别人都走了，没想着走；有一个上大学的名额；你有学问，符合条件；老支书欣赏你入正题：不过，有件事. . . 我就知道你会同意恭喜：双喜临门；我就是媒人；对方也喜欢你结束话题：就这么定了；打消疑虑；再次促成（一举两得；切中要害：回城，政审；对方条件好；我应下了；机会难得）

Sales promotion: strategies n n salesman: how to promote the goods? customer: in which case, would you like to buy sth. ?

劝说言语行为研究：会话策略 n 1. 称赞策略：称赞顾客、称赞产品 n 2. 替顾客着想策略 n 3. 减少顾客购买风险策略 n 4. 对比策略 n 5. 损己利他策略 n 6. 催促策略

劝说言语行为研究：会话结构和策略第 19集：小麦爸爸规劝林木和小麦别离婚

Assignment 1. Try to remember Searle’s contribution to speech act theory 2. Preview Chapter 3 2018/3/16

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