SSW Prepared by: Imangali Maira The faculty of General medicine Group: __14 -24 -2___ Checked by : Tilembaeva A. A.
§ 1) INTRODUCTION, WHAT IS IT? § 2) What Are the Types of Atherosclerosis? § 3) Causes and Risk factors § 4) SYMPTOMS § 5) Diagnosing atherosclerosis § 6) Treatment § 7) Treatment continued. . . § 8) Nonmedical Treatment and Prevention § 9) CONCLUSION § 10) Sources
§ Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries that can significantly reduce the blood supply to vital organs such as the heart, brain and intestines. In atherosclerosis, the arteries are narrowed when fatty deposits called plaques build up inside. Plaques typically contain cholesterol from lowdensity lipoproteins (LDL), smoothmuscle cells and fibrous tissue, and sometimes calcium.
§ Atherosclerosis occurs when fat, cholesterol, and calcium harden in your arteries. Atherosclerosis can occur in an artery anywhere in your body, including your heart, legs, and kidneys. § Other types of atherosclerosis are: § Coronary Artery Disease § Coronary artery disease occurs when the coronary arteries of your heart become hard. The coronary arteries are blood vessels that provide your heart’s muscle tissue with oxygen and blood. Plaque prevents blood flow to the heart. § Carotid Artery Disease § The carotid arteries are found in your neck and supply blood to your brain. These arteries may be compromised if plaque builds up in their walls. The lack of circulation may reduce how much blood and oxygen reaches your brain’s tissue and cells. § Peripheral Artery Disease § Your legs, arms, and lower body depend on your arteries to supply blood and oxygen to their tissues. Hardened arteries can cause circulation problems in these areas of the body. § Kidney Disease § The renal arteries supply blood to your kidneys. Kidneys filter waste products and extra water from your blood. Atherosclerosis of these arteries may lead to kidney failure.
§ Atherosclerosis can begin during childhood • • • and progress slowly into adulthood. The following can damage the artery walls or promote plaque formation: High cholesterol. High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increase the chance of plaque formation. High fat. Elevated levels of triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood increase the risk of atherosclerosis. High blood pressure. Chronic high blood pressure can damage the coronary arteries and lead to atherosclerosis. Smoking promotes plaque formation by damaging the arteries. Inflammation due to injury or another underlying condition enhances the chance of developing atherosclerosis. Family history. The risk of atherosclerosis in higher for individuals with a family history of heart disease.
§ Atherosclerosis may not produce symptoms § § until it is at an advanced stage, at which time medical attention is needed. Symptoms vary depending on the affected artery. Coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis in arteries that carry blood to the heart may cause chest pain and pressure – also symptoms of a heart attack. Carotid arteries. Atherosclerosis in arteries that carry blood to the brain can lead to numbness in the limbs, droopy facial muscles, dizziness, and difficulty speaking. Peripheral arteries. Atherosclerosis in arteries that carry blood to the arms, legs, and pelvis can cause pain while walking, numbness and, in men, erectile dysfunction. Renal arteries. Atherosclerosis in arteries that carry blood to the kidneys can cause kidney failure.
§ Those who are at risk of developing atherosclerosis should be tested, as the symptoms don't show until cardiovascular disease develops. A diagnosis will be based on the medical history of a patient, test results and a physical exam. § Blood tests - these measure how much sugar, fat and protein there is in your blood. If there are high levels of fat and sugar it can be an indicator that you're at risk of developing the condition. § Physical exam • The doctor will listen to the arteries using a stethoscope to see if there is an unusual "whooshing" sound reflecting turbulence of flow - called a bruit. If a bruit is heard then it can mean there is plaque obstructing blood flow. • There may also be a very weak pulse below the area of the artery that has narrowed. Sometimes there is no detectable pulse. • An affected limb may have abnormally low blood pressure • There may be signs of an aneurysm (pulsating bulge) behind the patient's knee or in their abdomen • Where blood flow is restricted, wounds may not heal properly § Ultrasound - an ultrasound scanner is able to create a picture of the inside of your body using sound waves. It can check your blood pressure at distinct parts of the body; changes in pressure indicate where arteries may have obstruction of blood flow. § Computed tomography (CT) scan - A CT scan uses X-ray images to create detailed pictures of the inside parts of the body. It can be used to find arteries that are hardened and narrowed.
§ There is no cure for atherosclerosis, but treatment can slow or halt the worsening of the disease § If you have high cholesterol that cannot be controlled by diet and exercise, medication may be necessary. The best medicine to lower cholesterol is a statin, also known as a HMGCo. A reductase inhibitor. Statins block an enzyme called HMGCo. A reductase, which controls the production of cholesterol in the liver. Examples include: • Lovastatin (Mevacor) • Simvastatin (Zocor) • Pravastatin (Pravachol) • Fluvastatin (Lescol) • Atorvastatin (Lipitor) • Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
§ Other drugs used to lower total cholesterol, usually added to a statin, include: • Niacin • Fibrates, such as gemfibrozil (Lopid) and fenofibrate (Tricor) • Cholesterol-absorption inhibitor, such as ezetimibe (Zetia) § Once symptoms of atherosclerosis-related organ damage develop, the specific treatment depends on the organ involved: • Heart — Treatments for coronary artery disease include medications to manage symptoms of angina (nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) and prevent heart attacks (aspirin and betablockers); balloon angioplasty often with wire mesh stents; and, less commonly, coronary artery bypass surgery. • Brain — Treatments to help prevent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke include antiplatelet medications such as aspirin, dipyridamole and clopidogrel (Plavix), and anticoagulant medications such as warfarin and heparin. • Abdomen — When atherosclerosis narrows arteries that supply the bowel, the patient may be treated with balloon angioplasty with or without stents or a bypass arterial graft. • Legs — The mainstays of treatment for intermittent claudication are quitting smoking, exercise (usually a walking program), and aspirin. People with severe arterial narrowing may be treated with balloon angioplasty with or without stents, laser angioplasty, atherectomy or bypass grafts.
§ Lifestyle changes can help to prevent as well as treat atherosclerosis. Unless your atherosclerosis is severe, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes as the first line of treatment. Lifestyle changes include: • eating a healthy diet that’s low in saturated fat and cholesterol • avoiding fatty foods • adding fish to your diet twice per week • exercising for 30 to 60 minutes per day, six days per week • quitting smoking if you’re a smoker • losing weight if you’re overweight or obese • managing stress • treating conditions associated with atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes
§ The best way to prevent atherosclerosis is by staying physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, and making smart food choices – that is, eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and avoiding foods high in cholesterol, fat and salt. It is also important to avoid smoking and stress-inducing activities. Individuals with a high risk of developing heart disease may consult their physician to determine the ideal preventative plan.
• “What is Atherosclerosis”. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. NIH. Jul 2011. • • § • • Retrieved Jun 6, 2014. https: //www. nhlbi. nih. gov/healthtopics/atherosclerosis/. “Thrombolytic therapy”. Medline Plus. Jun 2012. Retrieved Jun 6, 2014. http: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007089. htm “What Are Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases? ” National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). NIH. Jul 2009. Retrieved Jun 2, 2014. http: //www. niams. nih. gov/Health_Info/Arthritis/arthritis_rheumatic_ff. asp#a. National Institutes of Health, USA; National Health Service, UK; Wikipedia; American Heart Association Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014, May 30). Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis. Retrieved from http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/DS 00525 Mayo Clinic Staff. (April 21, 2010). Peripheral artery disease (PAD). Retrieved from http: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/peripheral-arterial-disease/DS 00537
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