SS 8 H 5 a Explain the establishment

SS 8 H 5 a Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches. Concept: Individuals – Groups - Institutions

WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 33 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 a ESSENTIAL QUESTION How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches?

How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA • 1785: • 1801: • 1918: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university; Abraham Baldwin wrote the plan for it Students (only all-white / all-male) attend classes in the Franklin College building Women allowed to attend university

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA • Baldwin thought that education was necessary for a free government. • He believed that everyone should have a good education, not just the wealthy. • Other colleges were private and too expensive for the average person. UGA was the first school open to lower-income people, aka the first public university in the U. S. • Improvements in Georgia’s educational system helped the growth of the state

How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801: Students (only all-white / allmale) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918: Women allowed to attend university Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists

LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA • Savannah was the first capital because it was the 1 st permanent settlement in Georgia. Augusta became the 2 nd capital but it was located too far east. So, in 1786, the Georgia legislature decided to build a new city that would serve as the 3 rd capital of Georgia’s and would be centrally located for citizens to travel there. • The city was named after King Louis XVI of France for his help in America’s Revolutionary War.

LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA • Louisville was not a capital city for very long because of the state’s westward expansion due to Indian lands becoming opened for settlers. Milledgeville became the 4 th capital in 1807, followed by Atlanta in 1877, the current capital. • One of the most memorable events to occur in the capital city of Louisville was the burning of all of the Yazoo Land Fraud records in front of the capitol building in 1796.

LOUISVILLE, GEORGIA • Economically, tobacco was a big cash crop in Louisville. • After the invention of the cotton gin, many people in Louisville began growing cotton. • It became a popular trading area for cotton and tobacco.

How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801: Students (only all-white / allmale) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918: Women allowed to attend university Louisville, Georgia • 3 rd capital of Georgia • Centrally located (at the time) • Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution) • Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records Baptists and Methodists

SPREAD OF RELIGION IN GEORGIA • The Great Revivals are periods of time in American history where there is a renewed focus on religion personally, socially, and politically. • The Methodist and Baptist denominations (branching off of the Protestant branch) were small at the time, however, the 2 nd Great Awakening helped these churches grow in number and spread across the southeast United States. Interest in religion increased during this time period by allowing people to attend large camp meetings called “revivals”, and the southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt.

THE BIBLE BELT

How would you explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches? University of Georgia • 1785: Federal US government provides money to purchase land for a public university (land grant charter) - Oldest public university • 1801: Students (only all-white / allmale) attend classes in the Franklin College building • 1918: Women allowed to attend university Louisville, Georgia • 3 rd capital of Georgia • Centrally located (at the time) • Named after King Louis XVI of France (American Revolution) • Burning of the Yazoo Land Fraud records Baptists and Methodists • The 2 nd Great Awakening helped these churches grow. • Spread across the southeast United States. • Interest in religion increased - people attended large camp meetings called “revivals” • Southeast region came to be known as The Bible Belt. • Religion today is still important to the culture of the South

SS 8 H 5 b Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo land fraud. Concepts: Movement / Migration Rule of Law Conflict and Change

WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 34 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 b ESSENTIAL QUESTION What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia?

What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY

HEADRIGHT SYSTEM • To attract settlers and economic development in Georgia, the government provided land to Georgians east of the Oconee River. • Each white male counted as a “head” of a family and had the “right” to receive anywhere from 200 – 1, 000 acres of land. • Farmers and ranchers were able to start up their business • By 1782, most of the land was given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service; this practice led to corruption

INDIAN LAND CESSIONS MEANT THAT CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS IN GEORGIA GAVE UP THEIR LAND IN EXCHANGE FOR MONEY OR TRADING RIGHTS / PRIVILEGES THE RESULT IS MORE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS

What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM • Land east of Oconee River. • White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1, 000 acres of land. • Farmers and ranchers begin businesses • 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans YAZOO LAND FRAUD LAND LOTTERY

YAZOO LAND FRAUD • Four land companies bribed the governor of Georgia and the General Assembly (legislature) to pass a bill allowing them to buy large tracts of land near the Yazoo River in Mississippi. • The companies bought up to 35 million acres of land for only 1 ½ cents per acre. The companies would then sell the land at much higher prices and share the profits with the legislators; governor George Matthews signed the Yazoo Act on January 7, 1795 • When Georgia citizens found out they protested and the legislators were voted out of office.

YAZOO LAND FRAUD • 1796 Rescinding Act - The US government solved the scandal by forcing Georgia to cede (give up) the lands west of the Chattahoochee River in exchange for $1. 25 million dollars and a promise to help remove Creek and Cherokee Indians from the Georgia territories. • The Yazoo Land Fraud is a reason why Georgia’s western border is shaped the way it is today.

BURNING OF THE YAZOO LAND FRAUD RECORDS AT THE CAPITOL BUILDING IN LOUISVILLE - 1796

What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM • Land east of Oconee River. • White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1, 000 acres of land. • Farmers and ranchers begin businesses • 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service • • YAZOO LAND FRAUD Land companies bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River Sold land shared profits with legislators. Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office. US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border. LAND LOTTERY

LAND LOTTERY WHAT: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE LANDS THAT WERE ONCE OCCUPIED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS. TICKETS PLACED IN TWO DRUMS, ONE WITH NAMES FOR EACH LOT AND OTHER WITH THE PERSON’S NAME. TICKET SELECTED FROM DRUM MATCHED TO NAME OF PERSON FROM OTHER DRUM. WHO: WHITE MALES, ORPHANS, AND WIDOWS ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE. DEPENDING ON AGE, WAR SERVICE, MARITAL STATUS, AND YEARS OF RESIDENCY IN THE STATE YOU COULD RECEIVE MORE TICKETS, OR CHANCES. WHEN: 1805 -1833 WHERE: LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER THAT WERE VACATED BY CREEK AND CHEROKEE INDIANS FROM LAND TREATIES AND THE OCONEE WAR AND WAR OF 1812. 3/4 TH OF STATE LAND WAS GIVEN TO OVER 100, 000 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS WHY: GEORGIANS WANTED TO SETTLE IN LANDS VACATED BY CREEKS AND CHEROKEES IN ORDER TO CREATE COTTON AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS

LAND LOTTERY Because of the Land Lottery, Georgia started to have a shift in power. Georgia had been ruled by wealthy planter aristocrats. But through the land lottery, almost any man could become a landowner. Power and wealth began to be distributed more evenly among white men of Georgia.

LAND LOTTERY

NOTICE THE WESTWARD EXPANSION OF SETTLERS IN GEORGIA FROM 1733 -1835. LANDS EAST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED BECAUSE OF THE HEADRIGHT SYSTEM LAND POLICY. LANDS WEST OF THE OCONEE RIVER WERE SETTLED FROM THE LAND LOTTERY. OCONEE RIVER HEADRIGHT SYSTEM 1782 -1795 LAND LOTTERY 1805 -1833

What impact did the headright system, land lottery, and Yazoo land fraud have on Georgia? HEADRIGHT SYSTEM • Land east of Oconee River. • White male “head” of a family had “right” to 200 – 1, 000 acres of land. • Farmers and ranchers begin businesses • 1782 – most land given to Revolutionary War veterans for their service YAZOO LAND FRAUD • • Land companies bribed GA government to buy land near Yazoo River Sold land shared profits with legislators. Citizens protested and legislators voted out of office. US government forced Georgia to cede (give up) lands west of Chattahoochee River forming Georgia’s western border. LAND LOTTERY • • • 1805 -1833 land west of Oconee River Given to citizens after removal of Creeks and Cherokees. White males, orphans, and widows received land. Power and wealth for more people Agricultural economy tobacco and cotton plantations

SS 8 H 5 c Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location

WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 c ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?

How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth? COTTON GIN RAILROAD

Technological Innovation The student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended. What are some inventions that have helped society, but also hurt society? What was the intended consequence of Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin? What was the unintended consequence of the cotton gin? In other words, what problems in society were created because of the invention of the cotton gin?

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THE COTTON GIN

COTTON GIN The modern cotton gin, first patented by Massachusetts native Eli Whitney while in Georgia in 1793, is a simple machine that separates cotton fibers from the seeds. The gin (short for engine) consists of wire teeth mounted on a boxed rotating cylinder that, when cranked, pulls cotton fiber through small grates to separate the seeds, while a rotating brush removes lint from the spikes to avoid jams. Its invention quickly transformed the course of agriculture in the Deep South, and in so doing deepened the reliance of southern society on slavery and the plantation system. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

COTTON GIN The economic impact of Whitney's gin was vast; after its invention, the yield of raw cotton nearly doubled each decade after 1800. The gin, whose invention coincided with much of the Deep South's opening to white settlement, helped to facilitate westward expansion into these potential cotton-producing areas. By the mid-nineteenth century America was supplying three-quarters of the world's cotton. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

COTTON GIN A direct result of this growth was an expansion of slavery. While the cotton gin reduced the amount of labor required to remove the seeds from the plant, it did not reduce the number of slaves needed to grow and pick the cotton. The demand for Georgia's cotton grew as new inventions such as spinning jennies and steamboats were able to weave and transport more of the crop. Although the percentage of slave population to total population remained virtually unchanged from 1790 until 1860, the number of slaves in the South increased dramatically. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more slaves and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL ROLES IN THIS PRIMARY SOURCE DOCUMENT PHOTOGRA PHY DURING THE 1800 s IN THE SOUTH?

How did the invention of the cotton gin affect Southern life?

Answer: FOCUS ON AGRICULTURE, PLANTERS DEMANDED MORE LAND TO GROW COTTON, and AN INCREASE IN SLAVERY, and RACISM.

ELI WHITNEY • Invented the cotton gin in 1795. Unintentionally, his invention would create more of a dependency on slavery in the South.

How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth? COTTON GIN • Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the seeds. • Increased cotton production • Made economy of the south more agricultural • Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton • Led to more westward expansion • Led to an increase in slavery RAILROAD

SS 8 H 5 c Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth. Concepts: Technological Innovation Location

WESTWARD EXPANSION PAGE 35 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 c ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth?

How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth? COTTON GIN • Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the seeds. • Increased cotton production • Made economy of the south more agricultural • Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton • Led to more westward expansion • Led to an increase in slavery RAILROAD

Technological Innovation The student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended. What are some inventions that have helped society, but also hurt society? What was the intended consequence of Georgia building the railroad? What was the unintended consequence of the Georgia railroad in the town of Terminus?

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THE RAILROAD

GEORGIA RAILROAD • The land constituting the city of Atlanta was once a Native American village called Standing Peachtree. The land that became the Atlanta area was taken from the Cherokee and Creeks by white settlers in 1822, with the first area settlement being Decatur. • On December 21, 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a trade route to the Midwestern United States. Following the forced removal of the Cherokee Nation between 1838 and 1839 the newly depopulated area was opened for the construction of a railroad. - Wikipedia. com

GEORGIA RAILROAD Indian removal and the discovery of gold encouraged new settlement in the region, but it was the railroad that actually brought Atlanta into being and eventually connected it with the rest of the state and region. In 1837 engineers for the Western and Atlantic Railroad (a statesponsored project) staked out a point on a ridge about seven miles east of the Chattahoochee River as the southern end of a rail line they planned to build south from Chattanooga, Tennessee. The town that emerged around this zero milepost was called Terminus, which literally means "end of the line. " - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

GEORGIA RAILROAD Atlanta owes its origins to two important developments in the 1830 s: the forcible removal of Native Americans (Creeks and Cherokees) from northwest Georgia and the extension of railroad lines into the state's interior. Both of these actions sparked increased settlement and development in the upper Piedmont section of the state and led to Atlanta's founding. - New Georgia Encyclodpedia

WHAT ROLE DID THE TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION OF THE RAILROAD PLAY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATLANTA?

GEORGIA RAILROAD • The area around the eastern terminus to the line began to develop first, and so the settlement was named "Terminus" in 1837. It was nicknamed Thrasherville after John Thrasher, who built homes and a general store there. The Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, J. Edgar Thomson, suggested that the area be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta". The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29, 1847. - Wikipedia. com

UNITED STATES RAILWAY SYSTEM IN 1870

COMPARE THE GEORGIA RAILROAD MAP ON THE LEFT TO THE GEORGIA COTTON PRODUCTION MAP ON THE RIGHT. WHAT CONCLUSIONS CAN YOU DRAW?

How did the cotton gin and railroads impact Georgia’s growth? COTTON GIN • Machine that separated the cotton fibers from the seeds. • Increased cotton production • Made economy of the south more agricultural • Led to more cotton plantations - King Cotton • Led to more westward expansion • Led to an increase in slavery RAILROAD • 1837 the city of Terminus is built (later named Atlanta) • Atlanta becomes a transportation hub in the southeast • Railroad transports Georgia agricultural products to the Midwest and Atlantic coast

SS 8 H 5 d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander Mc. Gillivray, William Mc. Intosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

INDIAN REMOVAL PAGE 36 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 d ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Alexander Mc. Gillivray and William Mc. Intosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia?

What role did Alexander Mc. Gillivray and William Mc. Intosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia? Alexander Mc. Gillivray Protected Creek lands from white settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US gov’t promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River, leads to Headright land distribution William Mc. Intosh Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a European descent father and Creek mother Supported Georgia and US gov’t to gain land from Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs – gave up all of Creek lands without permission of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek Indians for betraying the Creek Nation

ALEXANDER Mc. GILLIVRAY A controversial Creek Indian leader in the 1780 s and 1790 s, Alexander Mc. Gillivray was one of many Southeastern Indians with a Native American mother and European father. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

ALEXANDER Mc. GILLIVRAY After the Revolution, Mc. Gillivray used his growing influence within Creek society to resist Georgia's attempt to confiscate three million acres of land to otherwise protect what he viewed as the sovereign rights of the Creek people. Oconee war led to removal of Creeks west of Oconee River. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

ALEXANDER Mc. GILLIVRAY The Yazoo land grants by Georgia and the federal government's desire to take control of Indian affairs led to U. S. president George Washington's signing of the 1790 Treaty of New York, in which the United States promised to defend Creek territorial rights. This treaty created a formal relationship between the United States and the Creek Nation and affirmed Mc. Gillivray's position as a legitimate national leader. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

WILLIAM Mc. INTOSH William Mc. Intosh Jr. , also known as Tustunnuggee Hutkee ("White Warrior"), was born around 1778 in the Lower Creek town of Coweta to Captain William Mc. Intosh, a Scotsman of Savannah, and Senoya, a Creek woman of the Wind Clan. He was raised among the Creeks, but he spent enough time in Savannah to become fluent in English and to be able to move comfortably within both Indian and white societies. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

WILLIAM Mc. INTOSH William Mc. Intosh was a controversial chief of the Lower Creeks in earlynineteenth-century Georgia. His general support of the United States and its efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory alienated him from many Creeks who opposed white encroachment on Indian land. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

WILLIAM Mc. INTOSH Mc. Intosh's participation in the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs (signed away all Creek lands) cost him his life. According to a Creek law that Mc. Intosh himself had supported, a sentence of execution awaited any Creek leader who ceded land to the United States without the full assent of the entire Creek Nation. Just before dawn on April 30, 1825, Upper Creek chief Menawa, accompanied by 200 Creek warriors, attacked Mc. Intosh to carry out the sentence. They set fire to his home, and shot and stabbed to death Mc. Intosh. - NEW GEORGIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

What role did Alexander Mc. Gillivray and William Mc. Intosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia? William Mc. Intosh Alexander Mc. Gillivray Protected Creek lands from white settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US gov’t promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River, leads to Headright land distribution Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a European descent father and Creek mother Supported Georgia and US gov’t to gain land from Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs – gave up all of Creek lands without permission of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek Indians for betraying the Creek Nation

In 1825 cousins William Mc. Intosh, a Creek leader, and George Troup, the governor of Georgia, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which authorized the sale of Creek lands in the state to the federal government. Mc. Intosh was murdered shortly thereafter by angry members of the Creek Nation.

SS 8 H 5 d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander Mc. Gillivray, William Mc. Intosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

INDIAN REMOVAL PAGE 37 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 d ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia?

What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia? SEQUOYAH JOHN ROSS

SEQUOYAH Sequoyah was the legendary creator of the Cherokee syllabary. Impressed by the whites' ability to communicate over distances by writing, Sequoyah invented a system of eighty-four to eighty-six characters that represented syllables in spoken Cherokee (hence it is a syllabary, not an alphabet). - New Georgia Encyclopedia

SEQUOYAH Completed in 1821, the syllabary was rapidly adopted by a large number of Cherokees, making Sequoyah the only member of an illiterate group in human history to have single-handedly devised a successful system of writing. There are monuments, parks, and schools named for Sequoyah in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Oklahoma, and other states. The giant sequoia tree, found in California, is named for him. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

SEQUOYAH It is fact that the syllabary was used to print some articles in the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper, published in New Echota, Georgia (then the capital of the eastern Cherokees), from 1828 to 1834. The appearance of the newspaper, as well as the organized government of the Cherokee Nation, including tribal council and supreme court, infuriated the state of Georgia, which had an agreement with the U. S. government (the Compact of 1802) to remove the Native Americans. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

SEQUOYAH When the Cherokees were removed, the buildings and printing press were destroyed, and the type for the syllabary was dumped in a well that was then sealed. Excavations in the 1950 s led to partial restoration, and the New Echota State Historic Site opened near Calhoun in 1962. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia? SEQUOYAH • Created the Cherokee syllabary (1 st Native American written language) • Cherokees tried to live more like whites to be accepted • His syllabary helped create the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper JOHN ROSS

JOHN ROSS John Ross became chief of the Cherokee Nation in 1827, following the establishment of a government modeled on that of the United States. He presided over the nation during the apex of its development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the nation in Indian Territory, in present-day Oklahoma. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

JOHN ROSS His family moved to the base of Lookout Mountain, an area that became Rossville, Georgia. At his father's store Ross learned the customs of traditional Cherokees, although at home his mixed-blood family practiced European traditions and spoke English. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

JOHN ROSS As Ross took the reins of the Cherokee government in 1827, white Georgians increased their lobbying efforts to remove the Cherokees from the Southeast. The discovery of gold on Cherokee land fueled their desire to possess the area, which was dotted with lucrative businesses and prosperous plantations like Ross's. The Indian Removal Bill passed by Congress in 1830 provided legal authority to begin the removal process. Ross's fight against the 1832 Georgia lottery, designed to give away Cherokee lands, was the first of many political battles. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

JOHN ROSS Accompanying his people on the "trail where they cried, " commonly known as the Trail of Tears, Ross experienced personal tragedy. His wife died of exposure after giving her only blanket to a sick child. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led the effort to establish farms, businesses, schools, and even colleges. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

What role did Sequoyah and John Ross play in the history of Cherokees in Georgia? SEQUOYAH • Created the Cherokee syllabary (1 st Native American written language) • Cherokees tried to live more like whites to be accepted • His syllabary helped create the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper JOHN ROSS • 1828 - Chief of Cherokees • Modeled the Cherokee Nation government after the US government • Tried to protect Cherokee lands • Protested Georgia’s land lottery and Indian Removal Act • Survived the Trail of Tears

SS 8 H 5 d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander Mc. Gillivray, William Mc. Intosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

INDIAN REMOVAL PAGE 38 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 d ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the removal of Cherokees in Georgia?

What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the removal of Cherokees in Georgia? DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH

DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH There are several popular stories of the beginning of Georgia's gold rush; but in fact, no one is really certain who made the first discovery or when. According to one anecdote, John Witheroods found a three-ounce nugget along Duke's Creek in White County. Another says that Jesse Hogan, a prospector from North Carolina, found gold on Ward's Creek near Dahlonega. Yet another finds a young Benjamin Parks kicking up an unusuallooking stone while on the lookout for deer west of the Chestatee River in 1828. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH • The Great Intrusion • By late 1829 north Georgia, known at the time as the Cherokee Nation, was flooded by thousands of prospectors lusting for gold. Niles' Register reported in the spring of 1830 that there were four thousand miners working along Yahoola Creek alone. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH While in his nineties, Benjamin Parks recalled the scene in the Atlanta Constitution (July 15, 1894): “The news got abroad, and such excitement you never saw. It seemed within a few days as if the whole world must have heard of it, for men came from every state I had ever heard of. They came afoot, on horseback and in wagons, acting more like crazy men than anything else. All the way from where Dahlonega now stands to Nuckollsville [Auraria] there were men panning out of the branches and making holes in the hillsides. ”

DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH The sudden influx of miners into the Cherokee Nation was known even at the time as the Great Intrusion. One writer said in the Cherokee Phoenix, "Our neighbors who regard no law and pay no respects to the laws of humanity are now reaping a plentiful harvest. . We are an abused people. " But there was little the Cherokees could do; it seemed the louder they protested, the more eagerly the miners came. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH Gold rush towns sprang up quickly in north Georgia, particularly near the center of the gold region in present-day Lumpkin County. Auraria became an instant boomtown, growing to a population of 1, 000 by 1832. The county seat, called Licklog at the time, in 1833 became known as Dahlonega, for the Cherokee word tahlonega, meaning golden. Within a few months after its establishment nearly 1, 000 people were crowded into the settlement, with about 5, 000 people in the surrounding county. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Branch Mint at Dahlonega Congress soon authorized the establishment of a federal Branch Mint at Dahlonega, and in 1838 the new mint went into operation. It coined more than $100, 000 worth of gold in its first year, and by the time it closed in 1861, it had produced almost 1. 5 million gold coins with a face value of more than $6 million. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

EFFECTS OF THE DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH Between 1805 and 1832 the state of Georgia held lotteries to distribute land seized from the Cherokees and Creeks. Nearly three quarters of the land in Georgia was allocated by the lottery system. Finally, the U. S. Army drove the Cherokees northwestward to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma during the bitterly cold winter of 1838 -39. Deprived of proper food and clothing, at least 4, 000—one -fifth of the entire Cherokee population—died on the journey. The forced migration became known as the Trail of Tears. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

What role did the Dahlonega gold rush play in the removal of Cherokees in Georgia? DAHLONEGA GOLD RUSH • 1828 Gold attracted white settlers to north Georgia • Land belonged to Cherokee Nation • US Mint built in Dahlonega • 1830 Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act • 1838 Trail of Tears

ANDREW JACKSON RECOGNIZE THIS GUY?

SS 8 H 5 d Analyze the events that led to the removal of Creeks and Cherokees; include the roles of Alexander Mc. Gillivray, William Mc. Intosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Trail of Tears. Concepts: Individuals – Groups – Institutions Rule of Law Movement / Migration

INDIAN REMOVAL PAGE 39 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 d ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall and the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia play in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia?

What role did Andrew Jackson, John Marshall, and the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia play in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia? ANDREW JACKSON WORCESTER V. GEORGIA JOHN MARSHALL

JOHN MARSHALL Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He ruled in favor of Sam Worcester in the court case titled Worcester v. Georgia. “The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a "distinct community" with self-government "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force, " establishing the doctrine that the national government of the United States, and not individual states, had authority in Indian affairs. ” –wikipedia

WORCESTER V. GEORGIA United States Supreme Court Decision: Student Translation: Samuel Worcester (a white missionary) was given permission by Cherokees to live in the Cherokee Nation. However, he and others were arrested by the state of Georgia for not having a state license to live on Cherokee land. There were jailed and sentenced to serve four years of hard labor. Their appeal made it to the US Supreme Court, and Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state of Georgia did not have the right to arrest these people because they were living in a sovereign (free) Cherokee nation. In other words, the laws of Georgia did not apply to the lands of the Cherokee Nation in north Georgia.

ANDREW JACKSON The removal of the Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi River had been a major part of Andrew Jackson’s political agenda. After his election he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. The Act authorized the President to negotiate treaties to buy tribal lands in the east in exchange for lands further west, outside of existing U. S. state borders. He signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 that would remove all Cherokees from Georgia in exchange for lands in Oklahoma. -wikipedia

ANDREW JACKSON While frequently frowned upon in the North, the Removal Act was popular in the South, where population growth, slavery, and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land had increased pressure on tribal lands. The state of Georgia became involved in a dispute with the Cherokees, culminating in the 1832 U. S. Supreme Court decision (Worcester v. Georgia) which ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee tribal lands. -wikipedia

ANDREW JACKSON Jackson is often quoted as having possibly said, "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!" WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES WERE NOT USED PROPERLY IN AMERICAN HISTORY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT Andrew Jackson Did not enforce the Supreme court decision JUDICIAL SUPREME COURT Chief Justice John Marshall WORCESTER V. GEORGIA Ruled that it is unconstitutional for states to create laws inside Indian territories. LEGISLATIVE GEORGIA ASSEMBLY Legislators Created a state law making people have to carry a state license to live on Cherokee territory

INDIAN REMOVAL PAGE 40 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS 8 H 5 d ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did the Trail of Tears play in the removal of Cherokees from Georgia?

CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS • After the signing of the Treaty of New Echota, the Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native Americans, including many members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their destinations, and many died, including 4, 000 of the 15, 000 relocated Cherokee. wikipedia

WHAT DO YOU THINK THE COLOR PURPLE REPRESENTS ON THE MAP? IF YOU SAID THE LOCATION OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS THEN YOU ARE CORRECT.

• • • www. newgeorgiaencyclopedia. com www. kingcotton. co. uk unitedcats. files. wordpress. com Adherents. com Wikipedia. com Summertownstock. com googleimages www. us-coin-values-advisor. com Georgia in the American Experience textbook