SPO T
Sports (English sport, the reduction of the original starofrants. Desport- « Game" , "entertainment ") organized by certain rules human activity consisting in comparing their physical or mental abilities , as well as the preparation for this activity and interpersonal relations that arise in its process. Sport is a specific kind of physical and intellectual activity which is performed for the purpose of competition , as well as targeted training to them through warm-up exercise. In combination with rest , the desire to gradually improve physical health , improve intelligence, getting moral satisfaction , commitment to excellence , improvement of personal, group and absolute records , fame , improve their own physical capabilities and skills , sport is designed to improve the physical and mental characteristics of an individual.
Sports - part of physical education. This is actually competitive activity and preparation for it. It is clearly manifested the desire to win , achieve good results , the mobilization of physical, mental and moral qualities. Sport is needed in order to influence society. Mass sport allows millions of people to improve their physical qualities and motor capabilities , promote health and prolong creative longevity. Elite sport - it is the only business model , in which the record holders with outstanding functioning of almost all body systems can manifest itself in the area of absolute physical and practical limits of a healthy person [citation 1, 357 days ]. The purpose of high performance sport - is to achieve the best possible athletic performance or victories in major sporting events.
Traditionally, from the point of view of the International Olympic Committee selected sport is the collection of all kinds of competitions held by an international federation. The exceptions were the modern pentathlon and biathlon, which in 1993 led to one international federation. D IN F O O P S S T R Sports recognized by the IOC , in accordance with the Olympic Charter , called Olympic , only Olympic sports can be included in the Olympic program. [1 ] highlights the Olympic Charter as a special group of winter sports - " sports that are engaged in the snow or on ice "- only they can be included in the program of the Olympic Winter games K
L L A B T O O F
name of the game for details, see w: en: Names for association football FIFA and the International Olympic Committee used "football" as an official international title game. Full English name of the game , «association football» ( « football by the rules of the Association "), was chosen after the creation of the English Football Association in 1863 to distinguish it from other varieties of the game of football that existed at the time, such as rugby , football ( «rugby football » , « on the rules of football Rugby School "). Over time, the long name versions of the game began to decline in daily speech and the press. First in England was spread reduction «assoc. » , Then in 1880 it was formed from the term " soccer " (English soccer) by adding to the reduction of «-soc-» suffix «-er» on the Oxford style (English) (similar to rugby football abbreviated called rugger, « ragger "). [5] In periodicals word used since at least 1892. [6] Likely to decline in the first three letters are not used because of the potential names obstsentnosti asser derived from the ass.
Today, the name " soccer " is common only in some English-speaking countries , which continue to be popular with other varieties of football. For example, in Australia and New Zealand, historically known as Australian football and rugby football. In Ireland, the term " football " refers to Gaelic football , so the " soccer " is used in the press [ 7] [ 8]. In South Africa, most of the game known as " soccer ", as reflected in the title of the championship of South Africa, "Premier League Soccer " and the Soccer City stadium where the World Cup final was held in 2010. In the U. S. and Canada use the term " soccer " as football is called American football and Canadian football. In England the name " soccer " is out of date and new generations of fans now believe it offhand. In other languages the name of the game is : or borrowing English words football, as in Russia - football in Portugal futebol. or a carbon copy of the word football, such as the German Fußball, Greek - ποδόσφαιρο, Finland - jalkapallo, Hebrew - , כדורגל Karelian - jalgamiäččy and Adygeian - lepeeu. or derived from the words " kick ", " leg ", etc. , as in the Italian calcio, Croatian - nogomet. History of Football
Main article: History of Football Early varieties of football In a ball game played in many countries. [9] In China, this kind of named Chu Ke [ 10]. In ancient Sparta game called " Episkiros " [10 ], and in ancient Rome " Harpastum " [ 11]. Somewhere in the modern era were held in the Bryansk lands games and gadgets which was the leather ball the size of a human head full of feathers. These contests he named as " Shalyga " and " hernia " [ 12]. Around the XIV century, the Italians invented the game of " Calcio " [13 ]. It was they who brought the game to the British Isles [ 14]. The first rules In the XIX century, football has gained popularity in England comparable to cricket. [15] It is mainly played in college. [16] But in some colleges the right to authorize the maintenance and transmission of ball with his hands , and in the other hand, was forbidden. [17] The first attempt to establish uniform rules was made in 1846, when they met representatives from several colleges. They established the first set of rules [ 18]. In 1855, he founded the first dedicated football club - "Sheffield". [19] In 1863, after lengthy negotiations, adopted a set of rules of the Football Association of England. Were also taken and the size of the field gate [ 20]. In 1871 was founded the FA Cup - the oldest football tournament in the world. [21] In 1891, it was generally accepted on the penalty spot. But first, a penalty not beat a point, and the line, which is also as it is now situated at a distance of 11 meters from the gate
Legalization of professionalism and spread across the planet Jules Rome, the founding father of the World Cup. In the 80 - ies of the XIX century, football has become popular in society. The number of clubs in the Football Association under 100. Then there were rumors that some clubs are paying players salaries , and on the original intent of association football - only amateur sport. [23] Therefore, in 1882 the right to add the following paragraph: Every club player who receives compensation from the club during any whatsoever form or a refund in excess of his personal expenses or facilities in connection with access to this or that game automatically disqualified in the competition for the Cup , in any event under the auspices of the FA and in international tournaments. The club, who hired such a player is automatically removed from the Association. - [23 ] In early 1884 the club " Upton Park " accused " Preston North End " is that the players of the club paid a salary. President of the " Preston " William Saddel is also recognized [ 24]. The club was eliminated from the FA. And in 1885, the Football Association still allowed to pay the players wages. [24] This led to the creation of the world's first regular Football League. [25] Champion of this tournament was the " Preston " [26 ]. November 30, 1872 was held the first ever international match. He passed between England Scotland. [27] In 1904, in Paris, was founded by FIFA, the management organization in football. It includes : Belgium, Denmark , France , the Netherlands, Spain (both FC " Madrid ") , Sweden and Switzerland
In 1901, in Montevideo hosted the first ever match between teams who did not represent the British Isles - the owners , the national team of Uruguay in a bitter struggle gave way to Argentina with a score of 2: 3. [29] Opening of international competition After the election of the FIFA President Jules Rimet in 1921, was ratified by the proposal to consider the next Olympic football tournaments " The FIFA World Cup among the fans. " These tournaments - 1924 and 1928 won the Uruguayan national team. [30] Thanks to these successes in Uruguay Football Association had no competition in the struggle to organize the first ever FIFA World Cup (better known in the Russian language as simply the World Cup ) , which took place in 1930. Uruguayans have won the domestic championship, three-time World Cup champions and the first holders of the FIFA World Cup. This was the beginning of a new era in the history of football. [31] Before 1970, the trophy was named after Jules Rimet , was also known as the " goddess Nike Cup ", but after the third victory of the Brazilian national team at the World Cup was given to her eternal storage. Instead, it has become a modern play out the World Cup
Basketball (born basket - basket , ball - ball) - a sports team play with the ball. In basketball played by two teams , each consisting of five players. The goal of each team - throw the ball into the hands of the ring with the screen ( the basket) opponent and prevent the other team take possession of the ball and throw it in your cart. [1 ] Basket is at a height 3. 05 m above the floor ( 10 feet). From each team on the court is of 5 persons , only 12 people in the team , the replacements are not limited. A goal from the near and middle distance, count 2 points, from long (because of the three-point line ) - 3 points. A free throw is estimated at one point. The standard size of a basketball court 28 meters long and 15 meters wide. Basketball - one of the most popular sports in the world. [2]
Basketball is a program of the Olympic Games since 1936. The inventor of the game , James Naismith was there as a guest. Regular World Championships Men's Basketball Championship held in 1950 , women - since 1953 , and European championships - in 1935. In Europe, hosts international club competitions : Euroleague ULEB, European Cup ULEB Cup Challenge. The game reached its greatest development in the United States : the championship of the National Basketball Association ( NBA) for more than 50 years, is the strongest national club competition in the world. Basketball is the national sport in Lithuania appearance stylistic problems The style of this section neentsiklopedichen or violates the Russian language. Section should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia. In winter 1891 the college students of the Youth Christian Association of Springfield , Mass. , forced to perform endless gymnastic exercises that were considered at that time almost the only means of familiarizing young people to the sport , it was very boring for physical education classes. Monotony of training was necessary to put an end to , to make them a fresh approach that would be able to meet the competitive requirements of a strong and healthy young people. The output of the seemingly dead-end situation found a college teacher James Naismith. December 21, 1891 , he tied the two baskets of peaches from the railing of the balcony and the gym , eighteen dividing students into two teams , invited them to a game, the meaning of which boiled down to the fact that throw more balls into the opponents' basket. [3 ]
The idea of the game he was born during his school years, when the children were playing in the old game «duck-on-a-rock» ( « A duck on a rock "). The meaning of this popular game at the time was: throwing a small stone , it was necessary to hit them top of another stone, larger in size. Pragmatically called the " basketball " game only vaguely resembled the modern basketball. Of the ball did not exist , the players just threw it to each other while standing in place, and then tried to throw in a basket , and only with both hands from the bottom or from the chest , and after a successful throw one of the players climb on a ladder leaning against the wall and removed the ball from the basket. From a modern point of view of the action teams seem to us sluggish and lethargic , but to Dr. Naismith was to create a game that is collective , which could involve a lot of time involved is important and his invention responded to the full. In 1892, a teacher of Physical Education Smith College in Northampton ( Massachusetts ) Senda Berenson developed the first rules of basketball International basketball In 1932, at the First International Conference of the National Basketball Association , held in Geneva ( Switzerland) , was founded by the International Federation ( amateur ) basketball. In the role of the founders of the national basketball committees were in eight countries : Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece , Italy, Latvia, Portugal , Romania and Switzerland. At the time of assumed that in the organization will be conducting a basketball amateur , later , in 1989 , professional basketball players have access to international competitions , and the word " amateur " was removed from the name. It should be noted that at the same time, French-language abbreviation - FIBA - has not been subjected to changes.
The very first pilot , the international competition dates back to the year 1904 , in the program of the Summer Olympic Games basketball figures since 1936. Then , in Berlin , was the champion of the U. S. team that won the finals in Canada. Since then, the U. S. team has traditionally dominated the Olympic basketball competitions until 1972, when in Munich in the final match she suffered the first defeat of the USSR national team. As for the world championships under the auspices of FIBA , the first such competition held in Argentina in 1950 , and three years later in Chile was also the first world championship for women's teams. Women's basketball became an Olympic sport at the Olympics later ten men - in 1976, in Montreal (Canada). For the title then struggled , in particular, teams of the USSR , the USA, Brazil and Australia.
FIBA refused the distinction between amateur and professional basketball, as already mentioned, in 1989, and three years professional players for the first time took part in the Olympic Games. American team this year has received an informal name " Dream Team " (English Dream Team), strengthening the dominant position of the U. S. in this sport , however, over time, as the basketball has developed in other countries , other national teams started to gradually gain victory over the U. S. team. So , at the World Championships in 2002 in Indianapolis, the U. S. team , made up entirely of players NBA, was eventually sixth , behind in the standings, the Yugoslav team , Argentina, Germany, New Zealand Spain. In 2004, at the Summer Games in Athens, the Americans suffered their first defeat in the Olympic with professional players in the group stage, losing to teams of Puerto Rico and Lithuania and losing in the semifinals of the Argentinean team ( having failed , however, to win the bronze medal in the match against Lithuania for third place ). A similar situation exists at the World Championships in Japan in 2006 - where the U. S. team was also ranked the third line of the standings. But then the U. S. team has achieved great success in the 2008 Olympics and the World Cup 2010 in Turkey. The globalization of basketball was reflected in the composition of teams , and statistics NBA: so the competition in association currently has representatives from all over the world. Most big time players from other countries of the world was in the mid 90's when the NBA famous athletes came from Europe (mostly eastern ). regulations Dimensions shield and a basket by FIBA rules Dimensions board and basket (optional) Field size according to FIBA rules in 2010 Initially the rules of the game of basketball have been formulated an American
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