Spectrophotometer Definition A spectrophotometer is

Spectrophotometer

Definition : • A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by the sample.

Purpose : • Spectrophotometer is used to: 1)measure the concentration of the solution. 2)identify organic compounds by determining the absorption maximum.

Principle: • Spectrophotometer consists of two instruments: 1 -spectrometer to produce light for any selected wave length. 2 -photometer to measure the intensity of light, and the analyte is put between them.

Single and double beams : • In the early days of spectroscopy, double beam spectrophotometers were popular but now it is thought that the single beam spectrophotometer is more advantageous.

Components of single beam :

1 - Light source. • For ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometer • for visible absorption spectrophotometer

q For ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometer we use • # H 2 lamp its wave length ranges from 190 to 380 nm.

• #D 2 (deuterium) lamp its wave length ranges from 185 to 400 nm. We prefer D 2 lamp because of its higher stability & it emits continuous radiation.

q for visible absorption spectrophotometer we use • #tungsten lamp (350~2200 nm) • #tungsten halogen lamp (240~2500 nm) We prefer tungsten halogen lamp because it has longer life, can be used at lower wave length.

2 - Prism or diffraction grating : Dispersion devices causes a different wavelength of light to be dispersion at different angle Optical materials : lenses. prism diffraction grating

3 - slit : monochromators used for selecting one wave length.

4 - cell (cuvette): The cuvette or absorption cells, must made from material that is transparent to radiation in the spectral region of interest.

5 - Detector (photometer): a device used to convert the radiant energy to electrical signal.

6 - Read out device (Digital galvanometer) : The data from the detector are displayed by a readout device , such as an analog meter , digital display or liquid crystal display. The out put can also transmitted to computer or printer.

Theoretical work of spectrophotometer:

Used laws: &

Where T: transmittance of solution. I: intensity of transmitted light. (Watt/cm 2) Io: intensity of incident light. (watt/cm 2) : Coefficient absorptivity. (L/mole. cm) : Concentration of solution. (Mole/L) : Thickness of cuvette. (cm) A: the absorption of light by the sample

Beer's Law: • Beer's Law explains the relationship between absorbance, at a given wavelength and concentration. A = CL Where: A = absorbance. = molar absorptivity coefficient. (L/mole. cm) L = length of the light path. (cm) C = concentration of the solute. (mole/L)

Double Beam Spectrophotometer It is used to measure the ratio of light intensities on two separate light paths.

Advantages : 1) Wide applicability. 2) High sensitivity. 3) Good accuracy. 4) Ease and convenience.

Disadvantages : 1. Error in reading due to » the change in temperature » nature of solution. 2. It is subject to false wavelength setting

3. an error in wavelength setting of ± 0. 3 nm results in an error. 4. The equipment is generally expensive.

Applications in our life • • Clinical Food and Drink Industrial / Pharmaceutical Life Sciences

Mind mapping Spectrophotometer Purpose Definition Principle Single & double beams Advantages Disadvantages Single beam Light source UV Prism cell visible slit Double beam Theoretical work Components Applications Used laws

The End ‘‘ best wishes ’’