SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES OVERVIEW BRUCE Mc CORMACK VICE

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES OVERVIEW BRUCE Mc. CORMACK VICE PRESIDENT, EUROPEAN UMBRELLA ORGANISATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (EUROGI) CONVENOR, EUROGI INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS WORKING & ADVISORY GROUP ROGER LONGHORN EUROGI MEMBER CO-CHAIR, GSDI ASSOCIATION LEGAL & SOCIOECONOMIC WORKING GROUP EDITOR, GEO: CONNEXION INTERNATIONAL Seminar Spatial Data Infrastructures / Geographical Data Opportunities for the World Bank Group 1 May 2008 World Bank HQ, Washington DC World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 1

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW AIM • To provide a brief overview of SDIs and to set the scene for subsequent presentations STRUCTURE • SDI – The underlying logic – Bruce • What is an SDI and why needed? - Bruce • Cost-Benefit for an SDI- Roger • Some examples of SDI ‘Best Practice’ - Roger • Some lessons learned - Bruce • SDI in donor/lending policy & practice – Roger • Implementing ‘Core Principles’ - Roger World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 2

SDI – THE UNDERLYING LOGIC WORLD FACES MANY BIG & small CHALLENGES • Millennium Development Goals, Climate Change, Sam Ndlovu, etc. INFORMATION IS A CRITICAL REQUIREMENT TO MEET CHALLENGES SPATIAL DATA HAS ITS OWN PARTICULAR FEATURES • Collection, transfer, visualisation, manipulation, geo-referencing SPATIAL DATA IS SCATTERED AND HARD TO COMBINE • Different formats, different times, geographic reference systems, etc. SPATIAL DATA IS UNDER CONTROL OF DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS • Myriad difficulties - tunnel vision, silos of information, protecting power bases, habit, lack of resources, short term thinking, etc. FRAMEWORK NEEDED TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS AND UNLOCK OPPORTUNITIES • SDI provides the framework - agreements about what data to collect, how to make available, who pays, etc. SDI IS A MEANS TO AN END. . . NOT AN END IN ITSELF World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 3

WHAT IS AN SDI – SOME BASIC CONCEPTS SPATIAL DATA • Any data (information) that has a geographic location ‘tag’, e. g. a name (‘Lagos’) or coordinates (lat/long or national grid), address, postcode, etc. • Estimated that 80% of Public Sector Information (PSI) is ‘spatial’. INFRASTRUCTURE • The ‘underlying’ platform on which other activities are carried out or built. . . not the activities/artefacts themselves. INTEROPERABILITY • Ability to seamlessly integrate data or network services from different sources. • Standards play a critical role. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 4

WHAT IS AN SDI - BASIC DEFINITIONS ‘FORMAL’ DEFINITION • ‘The technology, policies, standards and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute and improve utilisation of geospatial data’ – GSDI Cookbook ‘INFORMAL’ DEFINITION • The basic arrangements for combining, processing and making available spatial data in forms and ways which meet user needs and capacities. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 5

SDI - BASIC COMPONENTS • Spatial Data - any with a ‘location’ attribute • Network services – for information access and delivery • Hardware and software - for the above • Standards - for harmonisation and interoperability • Users & Producers - awareness and cooperation • Agreed access, use and re-use principles • Governance arrangements World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 6

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS - DATA FORMS • Raster, vector, geo-referenced statistics, images, text, multimedia • Point, line, area, volume TYPES • Thematic – economic, environmental, marine, etc • Enterprise – required for a single organisation • Core/fundamental - data needed by many different types of users for many different uses (e. g. administrative land parcels, roads, rivers, coastlines, etc. ) • Real time and legacy data SPATIAL DATA FEATURES • Spatial level – global, continental, national, regional, local, • Positional accuracy and ‘scale’ World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 7

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS – NETWORK SERVICES DISCOVERY - “What data resources are available? ” • Metadata, catalogue and thesaurus are key components VIEWING - “What do they look like? ” • Enables a user to see if the data available is what is required MANIPULATING - “How I can use them on the Internet? ” • Variety of actions which can be undertaken (e. g. adding layers) DOWNLOADING - “How I can use them on my computer? ” • IPR, privacy, security and cost issues are critical – data access, use and re-use issues INVOKING - “How can I answer my operational needs? ” • Service required to initiate one of the other services World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 8

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS – HARWARE & SOFTWARE HARDWARE • Electricity • Communications networks • Computers • Sensing devices - GPS unit, RFID tags, satellites, etc. SOFTWARE • Geographical Information Systems (GIS) • Image processing software (e. g. for remote sensing images) • Spatially-aware database management systems – data mining • Web services related software World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 9

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS – USERS • Government policy makers • What will happen if. . . ? How is the existing policy working? • Businesses • Where are my potential markets? Where should I establish my depot? What is the cheapest route? Where is that street? • Public • What is happening near my home? How best to get there? Where is the nearest borehole? Who is my Councillor? • NGOs • Where do our members live? Lets keep track of the. . . • Researchers • Why did this pattern come about? Are these things spatially correlated? • Utility network operators • Where is the fault? Where is the nearest valve to switch off? Where is the nearest technician? Who would be affected? POTENTIALLY EVERYONE! World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 10

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS – USERS USER DIVERSITY NEED TO PRIORITISE • Level of sophistication – from simple browsers to high-end integrated systems • Level of user skill and capability • Level of user needs • Ability to pay • Language(s) World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 11

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS – PRODUCERS / CONTRIBUTORS • Data • Government (mapping & cadastral agencies, local authorities … all parts) • Private sector (e. g. Navteq, Tele. Atlas, remote sensing companies, etc. ) • Public (e. g. Open. Street. Map, Google Earth/Microsoft Virtual Earth, Flickr referencing photos, . . . etc. ) • Standards bodies – de jure and de facto • ISO, national standards organisations, regional bodies (CEN in Europe) • Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. • WMO & IOC (thematic), Google (e. g. KML) World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 12

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS - GOVERNANCE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES • Absolutely critical to get this right • These need to be stated formally and agreed among all stakeholders to be most effective POLICY / LEGISLATIVE ENVIRONMENT • SDI issue in its own right vs as part of larger policies (e. g. Information Society, e-Government, ICT policy, etc. ) • Certainly helps to have laws backing SDI creation and maintenance. . . but not absolutely essential if enough stakeholders believe in the value in the first place. PROCESS ISSUES • Creation (top down / bottom up / mix) • Operation and maintenance (distributed / centralised / mix) • “SDI is a process, not a thing – and usually an evolving one at that. ” World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 13

SDI BASIC COMPONENTS - GOVERNANCE ORGANISATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS • How involve key stakeholders - particularly users & producers FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS • Sustainability over the long term is key • Varity of means – state only / private sector / PPPs • Determining financial cost-benefit to satisfy funders is problematic • Mixed business models are becoming more common among data producers HUMAN RESOURCES AND CAPACITIES • World views and mindsets need to be understood • Information cultures at local, regional and national levels differ World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 14

SDI – WHY THEY ARE NEEDED BOTTOM LINE? GI HELPS TO UNDERSTAND REALITY BETTER • Where things are … how they are changing … how they relate to each other … seen visually • Presentation of information ‘layering’ of information integrated into complex models (e. g. EUs MOLAND land use model, agriculture crop estimates, climate change, etc. ) AIDS BETTER POLICY MAKING • Improved evidence-based policy making (e. g. INSPIRE) BETTER TARGETTING OF RESOURCES • Help answer questions, such as. . . • Where is our development money actually ending up? • Where do the people with high incidences of HIV/AIDS live and where should the nearest clinic be located? World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 15

SDI – WHY THEY ARE NEEDED (2) MANAGING RESOURCES - e. g. infrastructure networks QUICKER RESPONSES - integral part of disaster response JOB CREATION - SMEs add services BETTER MONITORING - what is happening where, when SUPPPORT DEMOCRACY - more understandable information more readily available SAVE TIME AND MONEY • Reduce data collection duplication and storage costs • Discover data quicker & facilitate reuse of existing data • Harmonised data - costs rise if SDI is delayed MORE JOINED UP THINKING FOR GOVERNMENT & E-GOVERNMENT World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 16

SDIs WHY ARE THEY NEEDED (3) DATA NEEDS - INFORMAL SETTLEMENT UPGRADE • • Land ownership (land parcels, owners)– Land Registry Land claims (where, who claiming) – Land Affairs department Beneficiaries (who, where living now, project claims etc)– Municipality Topography (roads, stormwater, cut and fill, aspect etc) – Survey Agency or own survey • Land use (air photography) – Municipality or private company or own survey • Existing infastructure (water, electricity etc) – Municipailty or own survey • Zoning – Municipality • Soils (foundations, gardening projects viability, stormwater erosion, building materials, sewage absorbtion) – Geological Survey or own survey • Vegetation (environmental impact) – Municipality or own survey • Social facilities (creches, schools etc) – various agencies or own survey • Transport networks – Municipality, Transport Agency or own survey • Future plans - Municipality World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 17

SDI COST-BENEFIT Some SDI-related Benefit: Cost Ratios from Studies World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 18

SDI COST-BENEFIT (2) LESSONS LEARNED FROM GLOBAL STUDIES • No study has ever returned a negative benefit-cost ratio. • Comparing cost-benefit analysis (CBA) methodologies is difficult. • Positive benefit-cost ratios may not take into account other barriers, such as budgetary cycles, short-term government ROI targets, etc. • How do we progress beyond often equivocal CBA results? • ‘Leap of faith’ required? World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 19

TRANSNATIONAL SDI - INSPIRE • INSPIRE is unique, globally, in requiring, by law, 27 sovereign nations to develop and implement harmonised Spatial Data Infrastructure. • Twelve years in the making (1995 – 2007) - extensive stakeholder consultation took place over the intervening 12 years. • Legally adopted in May 2007, yet implementation roadmap stretches to 2019 – a ‘first’ at the European Commission. • Stakeholder contributions continue via the ‘Implementing Rules’ Drafting Teams, setting the technical and policy guidelines for creating the European SDI – these become legally enforceable by EU Directive or Regulation. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 20

TRANSNATIONAL SDI – INSPIRE (2) 34 spatial data themes in three Annexes (to prioritize implem Annex I • Coordinate reference systems • Geographical grid systems • Geographical names • Administrative units • Addresses • Cadastral parcels • Transport networks • Hydrography • Protected sites • World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 21

TRANSNATIONAL SDI – INSPIRE (3) Annex II • Elevation • Land cover • Orthoimagery • Geology World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 22

TRANSNATIONAL SDI – INSPIRE (4) Annex III • Statistical units • Buildings • Soil • Land use • Human health and safety • Utility and governmental services • Environmental monitoring facilities • Production and industrial facilities • Agricultural and aquaculture facilities • Population distribution – demography • Area management/restriction/regulation zones and reporting units World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 23

TRANSNATIONAL SDI – INSPIRE (5) Annex III (continued) • Natural risk zones • Atmospheric conditions • Meteorological geographical features • Oceanographic geographical features • Sea regions • Bio-geographical regions • Habitats and biotopes • Species distribution • Energy resources • Mineral resources World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 24

SDI EXAMPLES – NATIONAL USA – NSDI BY EXECUTIVE ORDER IN APRIL 1994 - Still incomplete, insufficient resources for collecting up-to-date fully harmonised core data sets (by USGS own admission) - The National Map – good idea, but no mandatory data input - Federal Regulations apply only to Federal data, not States, Counties (3000) or lower levels of local government + Yet thousands of web-searchable geodata portals now exist and continue to expand + Metadata standards from FGDC were being adopted globally prior to final publication of ISO 19115 standard in 2003 + Many examples of ‘Best Practice’ exist and are adopted widely at all levels of government. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 25

SDI EXAMPLES – NATIONAL SOME ‘BEST PRACTICE’ FINLAND (Council approach) THE NETHERLANDS (PPP Approach) PORTUGAL (Citizen access) SPAIN (Regional initiatives) While thousands of geoportals now exist in over 120 nations … virtually no nation has implemented all the components found in the most common definitions of ‘SDI’ – but many are making good progress - and the measures of success depend upon what your accepted definition of ‘SDI’ is for any one nation. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 26

SDI EXAMPLES – LOCAL (SUB-NATIONAL) Many nations without National SDIs have well developed subnational (regional) SDIs, for example: • UK • No (published) UK SDI Strategy (despite many efforts) • Yet well developed regional SDIs in Northern Ireland (MOSAIC), Wales and now Scotland. • BELGIUM • SDIs exist in Flanders and Wallonia, but National SDI needs much more work • SPAIN • Catalonia and Valencia well advanced, yet national SDI not World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 27

SDI EXAMPLES – THEMATIC • Prime examples of well-established thematic SDIs exist: • Oceanographic data (IOC-IODE) • Meteorological data (WMO) • Others are being developed: • Global Map (topographic data) • One. Geology (geological data) • Coastal/Marine SDIs (USA, Canada, Australia, UK, etc. ) World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 28

SDI EXAMPLES – SOME LESSONS LEARNED MANY TO CHOOSE FROM. . . SOME EXAMPLES • Creating SDI is a LONG TERM EXERCISE (INSPIRE - 12 years to get to legislation stage + 12 years more for implementation – and will continue beyond that – forever. ) • Has to be a FLEXIBLE INFRASTRUCTURE because of changing technology, socio-economic, cultural and environmental circumstances. • Key challenges are HUMAN RELATED. . . not technical. • Built on or around ‘HOOKS’ e. g. E-Government, climate change, local government reform, MDGs, etc. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 29

INTEGRATING SDI INTO GRANT/LENDING PROGRAMMES COMMITTEE ON DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION (CODI V) SUB-COMMITTEE ON INFORMATION 1 -4 May 2007, Addis Ababa “the subcommittee considered a suggestion that projects funded by overseas agencies should support the establishment of SDIs and should fully incorporate geographical information into projects and programmes funded from these sources. The subcommittee endorsed this suggestion. ” World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 30

OCT 2007 DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WORKSHOP ‘CORE POLICIES’ RECOMMENDATIONS (1) All projects across all thematic areas which receive development funding support should identify: • What GI is to be collected • How it will be collected • What standards will be used • What metadata will be created • What platform will be used to organise/store the data • Terms for data access, reuse and exploitation • Into what (national, regional, local) SDI will the data be integrated for long term preservation and use by others World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 31

OCT 2007 DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WORKSHOP ‘CORE POLICIES’ RECOMMENDATIONS (2) Development funds should be allocated specifically towards: • Supporting SDI development at local, regional, national or international level, as appropriate. • Developing GI databases, tools and products which are suitable in a development context. • Capacity building. • Meeting hardware / software requirements. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 32

OCT 2007 DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WORKSHOP KEY IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS (1) Identify and review the current situation at the policy and practice levels regarding the role etc of GI. (2) Identify how best to incorporate the Core Policies into policy and practice. (3) Determine the status of SDI developments in developing countries and monitor. (4) Build GI focussed networks – between donor bodies / donor bodies and developing countries. (5) Assist in building “core” GI data sets. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 33

SDI CORE PRINCIPLES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT “BEST PRACTICE” CORE PRINCIPLES? 1. Create metadata to a recognised standard. 2. Publish that metadata via the web, using recognised interoperable services (OGC-compliant). 3. Preserve spatial data in the long term, via a “Trusted Third Party” (TTP) if not possible to do so locally. • Does the World Bank have a role as that TTP, at least for projects that it funds in the first place? • A TTP requires permanence and a governance structure, such as ISO, IHO, IOC. 4. Make data available to others (“for free or for a fee”)! World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 34

IMPLEMENTING CORE PRINCIPLES SHOULD APPLY TO ALL TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA • We must avoid looking at ‘spatial data’ as that which applies only to the physical environment, built or natural. • Demographic data, for example collected for an impact assessment on the affect on local populations of creating new infrastructure (dams, bridges, ports, airports, etc. ) is just as important as topographic, hydrographic or meteorological data. • Monitoring failure to adhere to Core Principles is not that difficult – if the loan/aid applicant specifically states the type, scope and scale of data they will need to implement their project. World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 35

Thank you EUROGI CONTACT DETAILS Web - www. eurogi. org Email - eurogi@eurogi. org Rua Artilharia Um, 107 1099 -052 LISBOA I Portugal Tel: +351 213 819 624 Fax: +351 213 819 668 World Bank SDI Seminar, 1 May 2008, Washington DC 36