Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Chapter 5, Section 1
Section Opener n During a time of religious and economic instability, Philip II rules Spain with a strong hand. Philip II of Spain May 21 1527 - September 13 1598
A Powerful Spanish Empire n A New Spanish Ruler – In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its possessions n Philip II’s Empire – Philip seizes Portugal in 1580 – Gold and silver from Americas make Spain extremely wealthy
• By Philip’s time, Spain is raking in massive amounts of gold and silver. • By around 1600 (shortly after his death) to 1650, Spain had taken in 339, 000 pounds of gold and 16, 000 tons of silver and the king took 2533% of it. • That’s a lot of bling. Yo.
Philip’s palace, Escorial
A Powerful Spanish Empire n Defender of Catholicism – Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims and Protestants – Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571. – Spanish Armada is defeated by the British in 1588 (more on that later).
Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature n El Greco and Velázquez – El Greco uses unusual style to convey religious themes – Works of Velázquez show Spanish court life n Don Quixote – In 1605, Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is published – Novel marks the birth of the modern European novel.
“Portrait of an Old Man” n This painting titled “Portrait of an Old Man” is considered a self portrait by El Greco, circa 1595– 1600, oil on canvas.
n The Assumption of the Virgin (1577– 1579, oil on canvas, 401 × 228 cm, Art Institute of Chicago) was one of the nine paintings El Greco completed for the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo, his first commission in Spain. This shows the religious themes of his painting.
Diego Velázquez: two self portraits
n Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid – A court fool or jester, circa 1635
The Spanish Empire Weakens n Inflation and Taxes n Making Spain’s Enemies Rich n The Dutch Revolt – Inflation (due to the huge influx of American gold and silver) weakens Spain’s economy. – Taxes on lower class prevents development of middle class. – Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain’s enemies rich. – Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to weak economy. n n Protestants in the Netherlands win independence from Spain in 1579. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada at the hands of England in 1588.
• Lepanto was the good naval battle. The Spanish Armada, aka The Invincible Armada, was the bad one, in 1588. • Philip is motivated to restore Roman Catholicism to England against Elizabeth (who was Phillip’s sister-in -law since he was married to Bloody Mary). • He’s also put out at English support of the rebellious Dutch in the Netherlands and the fact that Elizabeth had commissioned Sir Francis Drake as a privateer who raided Spanish treasure ships. • Phillip even put a bounty of what would be about $10 million on Drake’s head. • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Mpig. AUQt_4 • “I, too, can command the wind sir!”
Fate of the Spanish Armada • He sends a fleet of 133 ships to attack and conquer England. The English fight back in the English Channel with superior longer range canons and more maneuverable ships. • That was after they sailed fire ships into the Spanish lines in order to break their formation. • The English also had better gunnery. The Spanish guns weren’t as good (and many had the wrong ammo) and the gunners not well trained. • That and the Spanish were planning on boarding the English ships and fighting hand-to-hand. The English wouldn’t allow that. The English pound the Spanish who retreat. The Spanish then keep encountering bad weather and more ships are lost. • Ultimately, 15, 000 Spanish sailors are killed and nearly half the fleet lost.
• The battle also occasioned one of Elizabeth’s most famous speech’s when she visited the troops: • “I have come amongst you as you see, at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved in the midst and heat of the battle to live or die amongst you all, to lay down for my God and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor and my blood, even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too. ” • Do you think Elizabeth I had the makings of a good monarch? ? ?
• The Dutch revolt in the 1560’s and 1570’s. • They had been under Spanish rule but resented it, especially since they were protestant and quite religiously tolerant. • The Dutch succeed in part because they had funding from Queen Elizabeth I of England
The Independent Dutch Prosper n A Different Society – The Netherlands is a republic and practices religious toleration. n Dutch Art – In the 1600 s, the Netherlands becomes center of European Art – Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch Painters
Rembrandt n Self portrait
n Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee by Rembrandt, circa 1633. This original painting was stolen in 1990 and was never recovered.
Paintings by Vermeer n Vermeer painted scenes from every day life. This painting Milkmaid, is circa 1658 -1660.
Paintings by Vermeer n Officer Laughing With Girl, is circa 16571659.
Paintings by Vermeer n The Little Street, is circa 1657 -1658.
The Independent Dutch Prosper n Dutch Trading Empire – Dutch merchants engage in world trade – Dutch have world’s largest trading fleet – Dutch people replace Italians as Europe’s bankers
Absolutism in Europe n Theory of Absolutism – Rulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete power – Believe in “divine right”—idea that monarchs represent God on earth. (The idea can be derived from Romans 13: 1 -4. ) n Growing Power of Europe’s Monarchs – Decline of Feudalism, rise of cities help monarchs gain power – Decline of Church authority also increases power n Crises Lead to Absolutism – The 17 th century is a period of great upheaval – Monarchs impose order by increasing their own power.
Possible Basis of “Divine Right of Kings” Romans 13: 1 -4 ”Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer. ”
The Reign of Louis XIV Chapter 5, Section 2
Section Opener n After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of this time.
Religious Wars and Power Struggles n Henry of Navarre – Henry, who was a French Calvinist (Huguenot) ascends to French throne in 1589 and converts to Catholicism ending the religious wars. – Issues Edict of Nantes —a declaration of religious toleration
Religious Wars and Power Struggles n Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu – Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu in 1624 as minister who rules France. – Increases power of the Bourbons by limiting Huguenots’ freedom – Also weakens power of the nobility
n Picture of Louis XIII
Writers Turn Toward Skepticism n A New Attitude – Skepticism—the idea that nothing can be known for certain. It resulted from those who were horrified by groups that claimed to be the only ones with a correct set of doctrines. n Montaigne and Descartes – Montaigne explores ideas about life’s meaning in essays. – Descartes uses observation and reason to create new philosophy and help develop scientific method.
Louis XIV Comes to Power n A New French Ruler – Louis XIV is the most powerful ruler in French history. n Louis the Boy King – Hatred of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis’ minister while he was a boy, leads to riots.
n Louis Weakens the Nobles Authority – Louis takes control of the government in 1661. – He appoints intendants—government agents —to collect taxes. n Economic Growth – Jean Baptiste Colbert—finance minister—helps the economy grow. He believes in mercantilism. – In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes; Huguenots flee France.
The Sun King’s Grand Style n A Life of Luxury – Louis lives very well, with every meal a feast. n Louis Controls the Nobility – Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his power over them. – Builds magnificent palace at Versailles n Patronage of the Arts – Versailles is a center of arts during reign of Louis XIV – Purpose of the arts is to glorify Louis
Panoramic view of Versailles Palace
Another view of Versailles Palace
Drawing of Versailles from above
Queen’s Bed Chamber
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars n Attempts to Expand France’s Boundaries – Louis fights wars in the 1660 s and 1670 s to expand France. § 1667 -Invades Spanish Netherlands. § 1672 -Invades Dutch Netherlands. – In 1680 s, many countries unite against him in League of Augsburg – France is weakened by poor harvests, warfare, and high taxes.
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars n War of Spanish Succession – War of Spanish Succession begins in 1701 – This war attempts to prevent the union of the French and Spanish throne. – War ends in 1714; France and Spain lose some possessions.
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars n Louis’s Death and Legacy – Louis dies leaving mixed legacy – Rule makes France a major military and cultural power in Europe – His wars and palace leave France with heavy debts.
Central European Monarchs Clash Chapter 5, Section 3
Essential Questions: n Why/How did absolute monarchs rise to power in Austria and the Germanic state of Prussia? n What were the causes and effects of the Thirty Years’ War? n How did European power shift as a result of conflicts like the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years’ War?
The Thirty Years’ War n Rising Tension – Tension rises between Lutherans and Catholics in central Europe n Bohemian Protestants Revolt – In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers (Ferdinand II) – Results in Thirty Years’ War— a conflict over religion, land, power
Thirty Years’ War (continued) n Hapsburg Triumphs (sometimes spelled “Habsburg”) – From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies have many victories – Troops plunder many German villages
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1619 -1637)
House of Habsburg coat of arms at their height
Austrian Hapsburg Coat of Arms
House of Habsburg at its Height
Current Flag & Coat of Arms of Austria civil flag of Austria coat of arms of Austria
State and War Flag of Austria A combination of the civil flag and the coat of arms of Austria.
Thirty Years’ War (continued) n Hapsburg Defeats – In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants with the entrance of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Habsburg armies were driven out of northern Germany – By 1635, the Thirty Years’ War is less Catholic vs. Protestant and more Catholic vs. Catholic n Remember Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin of France? – They began to fear growing Habsburg power more than Protestants, so they sent French (Catholic) troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants in their struggle against the Habsburg armies
End of the Thirty Years’ War n Important consequences: – War ruins German economy, greatly decreases population (from about 20 million to 16 million) – Took a long time for Germany to recover from the devastation; one of the reasons it takes so long for it to become a unified country (1871) Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends the war – Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent states – Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France – Ended the religious wars of Europe – Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of peace n Beginning of Modern States- the idea of a united Catholic European empire is abandoned
States Form in Central Europe n Economic Contrasts with the West – Economy in central Europe still based in serfs and agriculture, strictly controlled by the landowning nobility (unlike western Europe, where cities/towns became centers of commerce and you see a growing middle class. n Several Weak Empires – Landowning nobles in central Europe block growth of kings’ power. – Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires are also weak.
Rise of Austrian Empire n Austria Grows Stronger – Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large empire – Difficult to rule, however, because there were many different ethnic groups within the empire n Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne – Emperor Charles VI worked hard to see that his daughter inherited his throne (Pragmatic Sanction) – Maria Theresa becomes empress of Austria but faces years of war.
The Pragmatic Sanction This document, The Pragmatic Sanction, declared that Maria Theresa would inherit the Austrian throne.
Maria Theresa of Austria -Known for her famous daughter, Marie Antoinette -Decreased the power of the nobility -Worked to help the serfs
Prussia Challenges Austria n The Rise of Prussia – Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia build Europe’s best army – They call themselves kings and become absolute monarchs. – Frederick William introduces permanent taxation – Prussian nobles (the Junkers) resist royal power, but king buys their loyalty- they get the exclusive right to be officers in the army. n Frederick the Great – Frederick the Great becomes king of Prussia – Enforces father’s military policies but softens some of his laws.
Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia. He was nicknamed “Old Fritz”.
What makes Frederick so Great? n He encouraged religious toleration and legal reform n He believed a ruler should be like a father to his people n We refer to him as an “enlightened despot”
Prussia Challenges Austria n War of Austrian Succession – In 1740, Frederick starts war against Austria to gain Silesia (which was rich in iron ore, textiles and food products). – Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia in treaty. – As a result of the war, Prussia becomes a major power in Europe.
Prussia Challenges Austria n The Seven Years’ War – Austria allies with France against Britain and Prussia – In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony, launching Seven Years’ War (called the French and Indian War in America). – France loses colonies in North America, Britain gains India. – No real territorial changes in Europe as a result of the war
Absolute Rulers of Russia Chapter 5, Section 4
Essential Questions: n What steps did “Ivan the Terrible” take to consolidate power for himself? n How did Russia contrast with the rest of Europe in the 1600 s? n What changes did Peter the Great bring to Russia and how were they resisted?
The First Czar n Ivan the Terrible – In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia @ age 3! (Yes, three) – Struggles for power with boyars—landowning nobles. – Seizes power @ age 16 and crowns himself czar, also spelled tsar, meaning “caesar”. Marries Anastasia (Romanov).
Why So Terrible? n Ivan’s “Good Period” 1547 -1560 – – Wins great victories Expands Russia’s borders Creates a code of laws Rules justly n Ivan’s “Bad Period” – In 1560 Ivan’s wife, Anastasia, dies. Ivan accuses the boyars of poisoning her. Paranoia seizes Ivan and he becomes suspicious of the boyars. – Ivan abdicates in 1564, but is begged to return. He agrees as long as he is given absolute power. – Ivan uses the oprichniki (or personal guard) to persecute the boyars, kill them, and seize their lands
Rise of the Romanovs n Heir to the throne? – Ivan gets into an argument with his son (also named Ivan); hits him on the head and kills him. – Next in line to the throne is Feodor, who is mentally and physically not fit to lead. He dies childless and leaves no heir. – Russia enters the “Time of Troubles”- constant change of leadership – Michael Romanov, grand-nephew of Ivan IV, is chosen to be the next czar. Thus begins the rule of the Romanov Dynasty.
Peter the Great Comes to Power n The Rise of Peter – Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia n Russia Contrasts with Europe – Cut off geographically from Europe – Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe – Religious differences widen gap (Russian Orthodox vs. Catholic/Protestant)
Peter Rules Absolutely n Peter Visits the West – In 1697, Peter (age 24) visits western Europe to learn European ways; known as “the Grand Embassy” n Peter’s Goal – Goal of westernization—using western Europe as a model for change n Peter’s Reforms – – – Brings Orthodox Church under state control Reduces power of great landowners Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers
Peter Rules Absolutely (continued) n Westernizing Russia – Introduces potatoes – Starts Russia’s first newspaper – Raises women’s status – Adopts Western fashion – Advances education
Peter Rules Absolutely (continued) n Establishing St. Petersburg – Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to West easier. – Fights Sweden 21 years to win a port on Baltic Sea – In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg- “the window on Europe”. – Building city takes many years, many serfs die in process. – By the time of Peter’s death, Russia is force to be reckoned with in Europe
“English Embankment, ” St. Petersburg, Russia
Palace Square, St. Petersburg
Church of the Savior on Spilt Blood, St. Petersburg, Russia
Still the same old problems? n Today, Russia still suffers from an identity crisis. – Is it an Eastern nation or a Western nation? – Example: the Ukraine (a former Russian Republic with a sizable Russian-speaking population. – The country is on the verge of civil war because those in the western part of the country wish to improve western ties, whereas those in the east wish to grow closer to Russia
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Chapter 5 Section 5
James I and the clash with Parliament James I wanted absolute power when he inherited the throne from Queen Elizabeth • Elizabeth wanted absolute power too, but was better at flattering parliament to get her way • Always conflict between the royalty and parliament over $ - royalty wants $ for royal court and foreign wars •
James I continued Also annoyed people b/c he refused to make Puritan reforms (get rid of Catholic practices). • Hated when anyone told him what to do (sound familiar? ) • Known for the King James bible – the Puritan translation of the old bible •
King James I
Charles I 1625, James I dies and his son, Charles I, gets the throne • Always needed $ for war • When parliament denied $ requests, he dissolved parliament • 1628, parliament gets back together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right •
Petition of Right No imprisonment without due cause • No taxation without parliament’s consent • No putting soldiers in private homes • No martial law during peacetime • • Charles I signed the petition and then ignored it – even dissolved parliament again and levied mad taxes on the people
More of Charles I The people hated the taxes (obviously) • Doesn’t he look like a pompous jerk? •
English Civil War Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England, there were several religions • Charles I wanted ONE religion – ended up in Civil War when the Scots rebelled • War cost $, so Charles needed Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his power • – Supporters of Charles I = Royalists – The opposition supports Parliament = Roundheads
More Civil War Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the puritan roundheads finally won (1646) • Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of the public and executed him • The decapitation •
Oliver Cromwell 1649 he got rid of the monarchy and established a republican form of government • Sent most of the Parliamentary members home and eventually established a military dictatorship (he tore up the first constitution that his associate produced) • Since Ireland was under English rule, the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616, 000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine •
Puritan Morality Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve England’s morality • Abolished all “sinful” things – like theater • Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS) •
Restoration and Revolution English get sick of military rule and after Cromwell dies, they ask the older son of Charles I (Charles II) to rule England • Restoration of monarch = restoration • Allowed the return of theater and sports • Passed important guarantee of freedom: Habeas Corpus • – “to have the body” – People need to know why they’re arrested – Could not be held indefinitely without trial
James II and the Glorious Revolution • • James II got the throne after Charles II died Everyone hated James b/c he was flamboyantly Catholic and gave his Catholic friends good jobs James was eventually peacefully overthrown by his own daughter and her husband (protestants) William and Mary then ruled England
Political Changes First Constitutional Monarchy where laws limited the ruler’s power • Bill of Rights: • – No suspension of Parliament’s laws – No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent – Freedom of speech in Parliament – No penalty for complaining about the King
Political Changes Continued Established a Cabinet • Cabinet was a link b/w the majority party in Parliament and the King • Became center of power and policymaking • – Still exists today – Leader of Cabinet = Prime Minister – Sorry there were no pictures. If you’re still awake, I love you!!!!!!!!!
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