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GENOCIDE Genocide: An attempt to eliminate, in whole or in large part, a particular group of people (such as national, ethnic, racial, religious, social, or political groups). Mass Murder: The intentional killing of a large number of people who are either unwilling or unable to defend themselves. Ethnic Cleansing: The attempt to remove a particular group of people from a particular geographic area through the use of terror. Discrimination: Positive or negative behavior toward a particular group • rules or laws directed against a group or its members; • or practices that subordinate people of a particular group. • positive behaviours, policies and practices that systematically advantage one group over another. 3

examples of genocide, mass murder, ethnic cleansing and discrimination GENOCIDE Nazis: (19331945) Jews, Gypsies, gays & lesbians, communists, mentally ill KILLED: @11 MILLION Turks: Armenians in WWI (19141918) KILLED: @2 MILLION 4 MASS MURDER ETHNIC CLEANSING Slave Trade U. S. & Native Americans DISCRIMINATION (U. S. & many History of many non. W. European Pop. of NAs reduced Northern European from about 2 million groups in U. S. countries): to 500, 000 over 300 -- Irish, Italians, @1600 -1850 years. eastern Europeans, KILLED: @20 -- mass murder Jews, African-- starvation MILLION Americans, Latinos, -- war Asians, etc. Turks -- forced removals Women around the Armenians, -- disease world 1890 s Yugoslavia Hindu Caste system KILLED 300 Serbs in Bosnia (1980 s, 1990 s) --400, 000 terror, expulsion, and thousands found in mass graves

Ethnic Geno. Cleansing cide Disc rimi n Mass murder ation 1. Genocide is a type of ethnic cleansing, mass murder, and discrim. 2. Ethnic cleansing is a type of discrimination. 3. Mass murder can be used for genocide and ethnic cleansing, but can also occur for reasons other than genocide, ethnic cleansing, and discrimination. 4. There are many types of discrimination that have nothing to do with genocide, ethnic cleansing, or mass murder. 5

Relationships between Democide, Mass Murder, and Genocide Democide Genocide All genocides are democides. Most mass murder is democide. 6 Some mass murder is genocide, but some is not. mass murder

Mass Murder and Genocide in the 20 th Century from R. J. Rummel, http: //www. hawaii. edu/powerkills TOTALITARIAN REGIMES USSR, 1917 -1987 Chinese Communists, 1923 -1987 Nazi Germany, 1933 -1945 62, 000 39, 000 21, 000 AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES Chinese Nationalists, 1928 -1949 Japan, 1936 -1945 Turkey, 1909 -1923 Cambodia, 1975 -1980 10, 000 6, 000 2, 600, 000 2, 000 Note: These numbers are best guesstimates. In most cases, because of denials, secrecy, and coverups, it is impossible to know the exact number with precision. 7

Mass Killing is common in Africa Sudan (Darfur) 800, 000 dead since 2002, in tribal/religious warfare/genocide Uganda Idi Amin (dictator) killed 400, 000 of his own people in the 1970 s and 1980 s. (Last King of Scotland) Since 2002, another 100, 000 dead from rebellion in North. Nigerian Civil War (1970 s) 400, 000 dead 8 Congo 4 million deaths since 1998, prompted by endless fighting between armed gangs/warlords. Rwanda (1990 s) 800, 000 dead (about half from gov’t-sponsored genocide) (Hotel Rwanda)

Civilian Death Tolls by Democracies vs. Totalitarian/Authoritarian Regimes in WWII Numbers Approximate Civilian Dead Resulting from German Invasion, mass murder: @21 million Japanese Invasion, mass murder: @20 million Civilian Dead Resulting from Allied invasion&bombing of Germany Total German civilian dead: @2 million Allied bombing (including nuclear) of Japanese cities Total Japanese civilian dead: @600, 000 Sources: Wikipedia, http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mass_deaths_and_atrocities_of_the_twentieth_century 9 R. J. Rummel, http: //www. hawaii. edu/powerkills J. V. O’Brien, http: //web. jjay. cuny. edu/~jobrien/reference/ob 62. html

Civilian Deaths in the Modern Middle East, since 1975 Authoritarian Regimes: Ethiopia: 800, 000 (“class enemies, ” Eritrean war) Iraq: 100, 000 (Kurds, Shi’ites, Kuwaitis) Iran: 60, 000 (Kurds, Bahai, Monarchists) Sudan: 2, 000 (Darfur, Africans, Christians) Syria: 21, 000 Kurds, Sunnis Democracy: Israel: @15, 000 (Palestinians, Lebanese) http: //news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/middle_east/3694350. stm 10 Sources: http: //genocidewatch. org/aboutgenocide/genpolmmchart. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War#Casualties

Civilian Deaths by Authoritarian Regimes vs. Democracies WWII Authoritarian/Totalitarian Regimes Democracies 1. • • 2. Modern Middle East 35 million 3 million 2. 5 -3 million @15, 000 llustrates two key points: War pushes democracies in an authoritarian direction democracies kill civilians mostly during wars willingness to cause and justify civilian deaths Democracies almost never commit mass murder of their own people, whereas authoritarian and totalitarian regimes frequently do so. 11

Your turn: Research an 20 th century genocide and explain: why it began? Turning points Why didn’t the UN/EU stop it? Impact: LT, MT and ST Key individuals on both sides Outcomes What is happening now? Work in pairs and be ready to present next Monday on your chosen topic area. 12

List of genocides: 19 th Century 20 th Century Irish Potato Famine Russian Ethnic cleansing French Revolution: War in the Vendee King Leopold’s Genocide in the Congo 13 of Circassians Armenian Genocide Decossakisation 1918 -20 Guatemala – 1981 -3 East Timor Bangladesh War of 1971 Sri Lankan Civil War Srebrenica Massacre