SOURCES OF HISTORY MADE BY: SAKENOV S. S. CHECKED BY : BEKTAEVA I. B.
PLAN : I. Introduction II. The sources of history 2. 1 Material sources 2. 2 Oral sources 2. 3 Written sources 2. 3. 1 Antique authors 2. 3. 2 Chinese chronicles 2. 3. 3 Iranian monuments 2. 3. 4 European travelers 2. 3. 5 Russian chronicles 2. 3. 6 Kazakh historians III. Conclusion IV. List of references
INTRODUCTION The current Republic of Kazakhstan is ranked as the ninth largest country in the world. It is also the world's largest land-locked country, and its population includes more than 131 different ethnic groups. Its vast territory, which abounds with natural resources and life, is mostly known for the Great Steppes, once the home of various nomadic tribes. Yet Kazakhstan's history as an independent, democratic republic has been short: the Republic of Kazakhstan as it is now, only came into being in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Though the history of humankind's activity on Kazakhstan's territory goes back into prehistory, the history of Kazakhstan proper thus is yet not fully established.
Why is it important to learn more about Kazakhstan, which is for most people an obscure country in Central Asia? Kazakhstan lies at the crossroads of many borders and overlaps many different cultural spheres: it simultaneously lies between the Islamic world, the Far East, and the Slavic world, between capitalism and the remnants of Soviet communism. Though yet a young country, Kazakhstan is rapidly growing in economic and cultural importance. This paper will seek to make a detailed analysis of official accounts of the national history of Kazakhstan, compare it with external material, and dissect the various ends that national historiography is being used to achieve in Kazakhstan.
To know the history of Kazakhstan we need to observe historic monuments which were left by ancient people something like instruments of labour, stays, burials and so on. The trials were saved by the time are called the sources of history.
THE SOURCES OF HISTORY Sources of history are the complex of documents that were not altered and reflect the historic process. The depiction of the historic age is based on it, also we can nominate hypothesis about reasons and consequences resulted definite historic events.
In my opinion, sources of history of Kazakhstan are divided into 3 groups: a)Material sources b)Oral sources c)Written sources
2. 1 MATERIAL SOURCES Material sources are instruments of labour and the results of working with it: constructions, decoration, dishes, artworks- all which is said to be the result of labour activity. Material sources unlike written do not tell direct tale about historic events. Based on it historic conclusions are called the result of historic reconstruction. In history nothing disappears. People had lived before invention of writing and left on the grounds of living a lot of traces which reflect their activities(remains of tools, utensils, hearths, animal bones, and homes). Therefore, the information about their era we can get only as real material sources
2. 2 Oral sources contain information in the form of an oral tradition, passed on from generation to generation by word of mouth and is stored in the memory of the people. Folklore and music. Widely developed in the XV-XVIII centuries kazakh oral poetry and music. Oral work is represented by poets improvisers - akyns, storytellers zhyrau. Tradition preserved the names of Kazakh oral poetry: Shalkiiz Zhyrau (XV century), Dospambet Zhyrau (XVI century) Zhiembet (XVII century). In XV century lived and worked, according to Valikhanov "nomadic philosopher" Asan Kaigy - miserable, sad, dreaming about "promised land.
From generation to generation heroic epics about "Koblandy batyr", "Alpamys batyr", "Er-Targyn", "Kambar batyr"were transferred composing a lot of ritual songs and fairytales. The songs, poems, epic legends were celebrated the dedication and brave deeds in defense of the motherland, described the everyday life of the people. To Social-Welfare and lyrical poems include "Kozy -Korpesh and Bayan Sulu", "Kiz Jibek", "Kulshe Kiz", "Sulu Shash" and others. Songs zhyrau - Tattikary, Umbeteya, Shala, Kotesha remained sketchy. Known zhoktau – Umbetey's memorial song dedicated to Bogembay batyr'sdeath in which bard sings of his feats in battle with oyrats. Famous singer-improviser and storyteller in XVIII. was Tattikara. The poet was as a private soldier in many battles. In poetry he urged the soldiers not bow before any difficulties in the struggle for freedom.
Several well-known works of XVIII zhiray Bukhara Kalkamanuly (1693 1787 у. у. ) have saved. He created a lot of thought-didactic songs, expressing the idea of preserving and strengthening the independence, supported Abylay khan, in some cases, had a significant effect on him in his management of Horde. One of the pivotal themes of works Bukhar zhyrau - love of country, patriotism. He sang of the liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against Jungar invaders, called on the people to unity, to feats, they praised the heroes of the struggle. Zhyrau dreamed about strong centralized state, combines all three Kazakh Hordes.
Full of wisdom aphoristic sayings of Tole biy of the genus Uysun, Kazdauysty Kazybek from karakesek, Aiteke - alshyn Called on people to unite, to coordinated armed struggle against an external enemy.
As we can see that the oral sources of history of Kazakhstan have appeared a far later than material sources. Nevertheless, its too interest and give us enough information to image the situation in those times.
2. 3 Written Sources Written sources: old books, chronicles, decrees, all kinds of documents, fiction. Material for them can be as a canvas, leather, birch bark, clay plate, stone, silk fabric and others.
2. 3. 1 Antique authors First information about Saks we find in Herodotus (484 -425) in his book called ''History”(430 -425). He claimed that Persians all Scythians called Sacs. Father of history all Sacs called Massagets. According to Greek sources sacs ruthless to emenies and loyal to friends. Another greek scientist had written about Sacs is Strabo(''Geography''). Greek traveller Polyaenus described the famous feat of Sacs shepherd Shirak. He strayed the Persian army into the desert. Arrian another greek historian gave information about the invasion of Alexander the Great into Sacs Steppes.
2. 3. 2 Chinese chronicles Chinese history is closely related to Kazakh. Through the history a lot of events by each side(kazakh and chinese) played a significant role in neighborhood country. For instance, we can take the death of Chinese Imperator in XVIII century which was the result of the invasion of Oyrats. First information from Chinese chronicles we obtain from the father of Asian history Sima Qian in his ''Historic notes'' he described the live and activities of nomads(Kangyuy tribe). In ''Qian han shu'' there a lot of information about the time of creation of tribe , about its borders.
But the biggest part of Chinese chronicles is about Huns, because of the aggressive policy of Huns rulers against China. In order to protect their territory chinese have built the Great Wall of China. This unique construction is nearly 4000 km. Chinese sources get information about the creation of Huns tribe(the story about Mode and Dunhu). Chinese chronicles mostly give information about Kazakh strides in Middle Ages and later.
2. 3. 3 Iranian Monuments. When we talk about Iranian monuments we can not say about the sacred book of Zoroastrianism "Avesta. And also Persian cuneiform texts, in particular in the Behistun inscription of Darius I (522 -486 gg. BC) Before invasion of Persians Darius wrote in inscription: I went with army to the land of Sacs”. Persians sources called Sacs ''mighty men'' and rarely ''tours with spirited horses''.
2. 3. 4 European travelers Plano Carpini, was in South and South-East Kazakhstan in 1245 -1247 gg. , Noted that in this land in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, he saw "countless exterminated the city, destroyed the fortress and many villages devastated"after Mongolian invasion.
William Rubruck William's report is divided into 40 chapters. Chapters 110 relate general observations about the Mongols and their customs. Chapters from 11 to 40 give an account of the course and the events of William's voyage. The report of William of Rubruck is one of the great masterpieces of medieval geographical literature, comparable to that of Marco Polo, although they are very different. William was a good observer, and an excellent writer. He asked many questions along the way and did not take folk tale and fable as truth.
2. 3. 5 Russian chronicles Rich and vivid written sources of the history of Kipchak-kimak tribes are Russian chronicles. Works such as "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "Ipatiev Chronicle", "Siberian Chronicle" and others. , full of information about life in the Turkic tribes living in the "Polovtsian steppe", in the territory from the Danube to the Altai.
Radlov - eminent orientalist, "Samples of folk literature of Turkic tribes“ Levshin - Russian scientist, who wrote the study, "Description of the Kirghiz steppes and the Cossack hordes"
2. 3. 6 Kazakh historians • Shokan Shynghysuly Valikhanov was a Kazakh scholar, ethnographer, historian and participant of The Great Game. He is regarded as the father of modern Kazakh historiography and ethnography. Walikhanov produced many articles and books devoted to the history and culture of Central Asia. A short list: • 'Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria' Walikhanov and other Russian travellers, The Russian
• Bekmahanov Ermuhanfamous historian, member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. • His works ‘’Kazakhstan in the 20 -40 years of XIX century. "Moscow 1948. • ‘’History of the Kazakh SSR "Alma-Ata, 1943 • " Accession of Kazakhstan to Russia. "Alma-Ata, 1957
III. Conclusion As we see from this assignment, there all kinds of sources were written about Kazakhstan(let’s start from ancient Greek-roman historians till Russian travellers. It means that the history of Kazakhstan takes a special place in the World’s history.
