Some Issues Before Translating and Problems of Cultural Equivalence in Translation
If words are in common use, there is actually no difference in usage between the indigenous and borrowed words, such as piknik (from Dutch) and tamasya; in fact, most speakers will not know that many words are borrowed. It is only a problem of the adequacy of the words as far as their denotative and connotative significance is concerned. If there is an almost exact equivalence in the usage and in the denotation of an indigenous and a borrowed word, one usually finds that the connotative significance of the indigenous word is better, for the indigenous word is probably more firmly rooted in the consciousness of the people than the borrowed one.
However, when a word is still restricted in use, meaning that probably the borrowed word has just been introduced and has not yet gained enough time to make its way completely into the speech of the people, it is then preferable to choose the borrowed word to get the right connotation. This is the case with modern scientific terms, and terms for specialized use in trade, sports and military forces. Since Bahasa Indonesia is growing and accepting many kinds of foreign influence in terms of new words, the use of a word, whether indigenous or borrowed, is largely dependent upon the situation to which the word refers.
The notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. The term has caused, and it seems quite probable that it will continue to cause, heated debates within the field of translation studies. This term has been analyzed, evaluated and extensively discussed from different points of view and has been approached from many different perspectives. The first discussions of the notion of equivalence in translation initiated the further elaboration of the term by contemporary theorists. Even the brief outline of the issue given above indicates its importance within the framework of theoretical reflection on translation. The difficulty in defining equivalence seems to result in the impossibility of having a universal approach to this notion.
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