Some historical aspects of the relations between the UK and Russia. V. V. Moriy
• Spanning nearly five centuries, Russia–United Kingdom relations has often switched from a state of alliance to rivalry or even war. The Russians and British were allies against Napoleon, and enemies in the Crimean War of the 1850 s, and rivals in the Great Game for control of central Asia in the late 19 th century. They were allies again in the world wars, although relations were strained by the Russian Revolution of 1917. They were at sword's point during the Cold War (1947 -1991). Russian big businesses had strong connections with the City of London and British corporations during the late 1990 s and 2000 s.
Relations between England Tsarist Russia • The Kingdom of England Tsardom of Russia established relations in 1553 when English navigator Richard Chancellor arrived in Arkhangelsk. Richard Chancellor returned to England was sent back to Russia in 1555, the same year the Muscovy Company was established. The Muscovy Company held a monopoly over trade between England Russia until 1698.
In 1697– 1698 during the Grand Embassy of Peter I the Russian tsar visited England for three months and improved relations between countries. Tsar Peter I brought Russia into European affairs and declared himself an emperor. From the 1720 s Peter invited British engineers to Saint Petersburg, leading to the establishment of a small but commercially influential Anglo. Russian expatriate merchant community.
The two states fought on the same side during War of the Austrian Succession (1740— 1748), but on opposite sides during Seven Years' War (1756— 1763), although did not at any time engage in the field. Rivalry between Britain and Russia developed over Central Asia in the Great Game of the late 19 th century, as Russia desired warmwater ports on the Indian Ocean while Britain wanted to prevent Russian troops from gaining a potential invasion route to India.
Second World War • In 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, attacking the USSR. The USSR thereafter became one of the Allies of World War II along with Britain, fighting against the Axis Powers. Britain signed a treaty with the USSR and sent military supplies. Stalin was adamant about British support for new boundaries for Poland, and Britain went along.
Cold War • Relations were generally tense during the ensuing Cold War, typified by spying and other covert activities. The British and American Venona Project was established in 1942 for cryptanalysis of messages sent by Soviet intelligence. Soviet spies were later discovered in Britain, such as Kim Philby and the Cambridge Five spy ring, which was operating in England until 1963.
21 st century • In early 2006, Russia accused UK diplomats of espionage with the help of hi-tech electronic rock which was admitted by Tony Blair's former aide Jonathan Powell. • In late 2006, former KGB officer Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned in London by radioactive metalloid, Polonium and died 3 weeks later.
Since 2010 • In 2014 relations turned sharply hostile regarding the Ukraine. The British government took the lead, with the US, in imposing punitive sanctions against Russia. In March 2014, Britain suspended all military cooperation with Russia and halted all extant licences for direct military export to Russia.
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