Sociological Theory: Herbert Spencer
The main things about his life q q q Born April 27, 1820 in Derby, England Taught at home by his father and later his uncle Education--heavy in science--very light in Latin, Greek, English, and History By age 16 he had a good background in mathematics and the natural sciences Spencer declined an offer from his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Spencer, to send him to Cambridge, and in consequence his higher education was largely the result of his own reading, which was chiefly in the natural sciences. He was, for a few months, a schoolteacher and from 1837 to 1841 a railway civil engineer.
Evolution of Herbert Spencer
Spencer’s Theory of Organic Analogy Similarities between Biological and Social Organism – As visualised by Spencer: Similarity in Visible Growth An Increase in the Complexity of Structure Differentiation of Structure Leading to Differentiation of Functions Change in Structure Leads to Change in Functions Differentiation as well as Harmony of Organs Loss of an Organ does not necessarily Result in the Loss of Organism Similar Process and Methods of Organisation
Spencer’s Theory of Organic Analogy The main differences between the society and a living organism which cannot be overlooked were noted by Spencer. They are listed below: ◙ Organs are organised, but Parts of Society are Independent ◙ Society does not have a Definite Form as does the Organism ◙ Manner of Difference in the Dependence of Organs or Parts on the Organism or Society ◙ Difference Regarding the Centrality of “Consciousness” ◙ Differences Regarding the Structure and Functions
Quotes of Herbert Spencer: v The wise man must remember that while he is a descendant of the past, he is v v v v a parent of the future. The great aim of education is not knowledge but action. Opinion is ultimately determined by the feelings, and not by the intellect. Be bold, be bold, and everywhere be bold. A jury is a group of twelve people of average ignorance. The preservation of health is a duty. Few seem conscious that there is such a thing as physical morality. When a man's knowledge is not in order, the more of it he has the greater will be his confusion. Love is life's end, but never ending. Love is life's wealth, never spent, but ever spending. Love's life's reward, rewarded in rewarding.
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Sources: q Works by Herbert Spencer at the Online Library of Liberty (HTML, facsimile PDF, reading PDF) q Works by and about Herbert Spencer at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated) q Works by Herbert Spencer at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML) q Works by or about Herbert Spencer in libraries (World. Cat catalog) q On Moral Education, reprinted in Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (Spring 1966) q First principles Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. q First Principles online q "The Right to Ignore the State" by Herbert Spencer. q "Herbert Spencer: The Defamation Continues": a vindication by Roderick T. Long q Den Otter, Sandra M. , 1996, British Idealism and Social Explanation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. q Duncan, David, 1908, The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, London: Methuen and Co. . q Francis, Mark, 2007, Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life, Stocksfield, UK: Acumen. q Gibbard, Allan, 1982, “Inchoately Utilitarian Common Sense: The Bearing of a Thesis of Sidgwick's on Moral Theory” in Harlan B. Miller and William H. Williams, (eds. ), The Limits of Utilitarianism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. q Gray, John, 1983, Mill on Liberty: A Defence, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. q –––, 1989, “Mill's and Other Liberalisms” in John Gray, Liberalisms: Essays in Political Philosophy, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. q Hoftstadter, Richard, 1955, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Boston: Beacon Press. q Huxley, T. H. , 1893, “Evolutionary Ethics” in T. H. Huxley, Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays, New York: D. Appleton and Co. , 1929. q Mill, J. S. , 1861, Utilitarianism in John M. Robson (ed. ), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 33 vols. , Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969, vol. x. q Moore, G. E. , 1903, Principia Ethica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. q Offer, John, 1994, “Introduction” in John Offer (ed. ), Herbert Spencer: Political Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. q Riley, Jonathan, 1988, Liberal Utilitarianism: Social Choice Theory and J. S. Mill's Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. q Ritchie, D. G. , 1891, The Principles of State Interference in Peter P. Nicholson (ed. ), Collected Works of D. G. Ritchie, 6 vols. , Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1998.
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