Socialization 1
Learning Objectives Theories of Self Development • Explain the process of moral development Why Socialization Matters • Understand the importance of socialization both for individuals and society • Explain the nature versus nurture debate Agents of Socialization • Learn the roles of families and peer groups in socialization • Understand how we are socialized through formal institutions like schools, workplaces, and the government Socialization Across the Life Course • Explain how socialization occurs and recurs throughout life • Understand how people are socialized into new roles at age-related transition points • Describe when and how resocialization occurs 2
What is Socialization? • Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient (опытный, умелый) members of a society. • It describes how people come to understand societal norms and expectations (ожидания), to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware (быть осведомленным) of societal values. • Socialization (подготовка к жизни в обществе) ≠ socializing (общительность, коммуникабельность) 3
Sociological Theories of Self Development Charles Cooley (1864– 1929): people’s self understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception (восприятие, осмысление) of how others view them—a process termed “the looking glass (зеркало) self (свое «я» )” (Cooley 1902). 4
Sociological Theories of Self Development George Herbert Mead (1863– 1931): the self (собственная личность, своё "я") – a person’s distinct identity that is developed through social interaction. In order to acquire (приобрести) his/her “self, ” an individual has to be able to view him/herself through the eyes of others (видеть себя глазами других). That’s not an ability that we are born with (Mead 1934). Mead: 1)Preparatory stage: children’s imitation: no ability to imagine how others see things. They copy the actions of people with whom they regularly interact (взаимодействовать), such as their mothers and fathers. 2)Play stage: children begin to take on the role that one other person might have. Thus, children might try on a parent’s point of view by acting out “grownup” (взрослый) behavior, like playing “dress up” (наряжаться) and acting out the “mom” role, or talking on a toy telephone the way they see their father do. 3)Game stage: children learn to consider several roles at the same time and how those roles interact with each other. For example, a child is likely to be aware (осведомлен) of the different responsibilities (обязанности) of people in a restaurant. 4)“Generalized other”: individual is able to imagine how he or she is viewed by one or many others—and thus, from a sociological perspective, to have a “self” (Mead 1934; Mead 1964). 5
Sociological Theories of Self Development Moral development : “good”/“bad” - important for a smoothly (ровно, без помех) functioning society. Moral development prevents people from acting on unchecked (несдержанный) urges (порыв, сильное желание), instead considering what is right for society and good for others. Lawrence Kohlberg (1927– 1987): how people learn to decide what is right and what is wrong? --> Theory of moral development that includes 3 levels: 1)Preconventional: young children, who lack a higher level of cognitive ability, (познавательная способность) experience the world around them only through their senses (чувства). 2)Conventional: [10+ years] youngsters (молодежь) become aware of others’ feelings and take those into consideration (учитывать) when determining (определять) what’s “good”/“bad. ” 3)Postconventional: people begin to think of morality in abstract terms, such as Americans believing that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and happiness. +People recognize that legality (законность) and morality (мораль) do not always match up (сопоставлены) evenly (одинаково) (Kohlberg 1981). E. g. : when Egyptians turned out in 2011 to protest government corruption, they were using postconventional morality. They understood that although their government was 6 legal, it was not morally correct.
Sociological Theories of Self Development Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development and Gender Carol Gilligan (1936–): Kohlberg’s theory might show gender bias (предвзятость) since his research was only conducted on male subjects. Gilligan’s research: boys and girls do have different understandings of morality. Boys - a justice (справедливость) perspective, put emphasis (акцент) on rules and laws. Girls – a care (забота) and responsibility (ответственность) perspective; they consider people’s reasons behind behavior that seems morally wrong. Gilligan: Kohlberg’s theory stated that the justice perspective was the right, or better, perspective. Gilligan: neither perspective was “better”: the two norms of justice served different purposes. Boys are socialized for a work environment where rules make operations run smoothly, while girls are socialized for a home environment where flexibility allows caretaking (поддержание порядка) and nurturing (заботы по воспитанию) (Gilligan 1982; Gilligan 1990). 7
Why Socialization Matters? To societies: • It is through teaching culture to new members that a society perpetuates (увековечивать; сохранять навсегда) itself. If new generations (поколения) of a society don’t learn its way of life, it ceases (перестает) to exist. Whatever is distinctive (отличительно) about a culture must be transmitted to those who join it in order for a society to survive (выжить). To individuals: • Social interaction provides the means via which we become able to see ourselves through the eyes of others (видеть себя глазами других), learning who we are and how we fit into the world around us. + we have to learn the basics of both material land nonmaterial culture, everything like how to dress, when to sleep, what to eat and how to prepare food. ++ We have to learn language - in order to communicate (общаться) and to think. Without socialization we literally (буквально) have no self. 8
Nature versus Nurture Our temperaments, interests, and talents are set by… 1)Nurture (воспитание, образование) - the relationships and caring that surround us OR 2) Nature (природа) - genetics ? • Studying twins: in 1968, twin girls born to a mentally ill mother were put up for adoption (удочерение). However, they were also separated (разделены) from each other and raised (выращены) in different households (семьях). In 2003, the two women, then age 35, reunited. They sat together and felt like they were looking into a mirror. Not only did they look alike, but they behaved alike, using the same hand gestures and facial expressions (Spratling 2007). • Though genetics play an important role in human behavior, sociology’s larger concern (интерес) is the effect that society has on human behavior, the “nurture” side of the debate. What race were the twins? From what social class were their parents? What about gender? Religion? All of these factors affect the lives of the twins as much as their genetic makeup and are critical to consider as we look at life through the sociological lens. • Q. : “The Life of Chris Langan, the Smartest Man You’ve Never Heard Of” 9
l Socia Group Agents of Socialization Family is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to know. For example, they show the child: • how to use objects (such as clothes, computers, eating utensils, books, bikes); • how to relate to others (some as “family, ” others as “friends, ” still others as “strangers” or “teachers” or “neighbors”); and • how the world works (what is “real” and what is “imagined”). ü Families do not socialize children in a vacuum. Many social factors impact how a family raises its children. For example, history. Sixty years ago, it would not have been considered especially strict for a father to hit his son with a belt if he misbehaved, but today that same action might be considered child abuse. 10
l Socia Group Agents of Socialization Peer Groups A peer group - people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests. Kids: e. g. when children on a playground teach younger children the norms about taking turns or the rules of games. Teenagers: this process continues. Peer groups are important to adolescents (подростки) in a new way, as they begin to develop and identity separate from their parents and exert independence. + peer groups provide their own opportunities for socialization since kids usually engage in different types of activities with their peers than they do with their families. Peer groups provide adolescents’ first major (главный) socialization experience outside the realm (сфера) of their families. 11
nal nstitutio I Agents of Socialization School Students are not only in school to study math, reading, science, and other subjects—the manifest function of this system. Schools also serve a latent function in society by socializing children into behaviors like teamwork, following a schedule, and using textbooks. School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and leaders, regularly reinforce what society expects from children hidden curriculum, the informal teaching done by schools. Workplace Although socialized into their culture since birth, workers require new socialization into a workplace, both in terms of material culture (such as how to operate the copy machine) and nonmaterial culture (such as whether it’s okay to speak directly to the boss or how the refrigerator is shared). Different jobs require different types of socialization. 12
nal Institutio Agents of Socialization Religion is an important avenue of socialization for many people. Like other institutions, these places teach participants how to interact with the religion’s material culture (e. g. prayer rug). For some people, important ceremonies related to family structure—like marriage and birth—are connected to religious celebrations. From ceremonial rites (обряд) of passage (событие) that reinforce (усиливает) the family unit, to power dynamics which reinforce gender roles, religion fosters (обучать) a shared set of socialized values that are passed on through society. Government Age norms established by the government: “adult” usually means being 18 years old, the age at which a person becomes legally responsible for themselves. And 65 is the start of “old age” since most people become eligible for senior benefits at that point. Each time we embark (вступать) on one of these new categories—senior (пожилой), adult (взрослый), taxpayer (налогоплательщик) —we must be socialized into this new role. Mass Media Via Internet, newspapers, radio and TV, people learn about objects of material culture (like new technology and transportation options), as well as nonmaterial culture—what is 13 true (beliefs), what is important (values), and what is expected (norms).
Socialization Across the Life Course • • • Socialization isn’t a one-time or even a short-term event, it is a lifelong process. Many of life’s social expectations (ожидания) are made clear and enforced on a cultural level. Through interacting with others and watching others interact, the expectation to fulfill roles becomes clear. While in elementary or middle school, the prospect of having a boyfriend or girlfriend may have been considered undesirable (нежелательный). The socialization that takes place in high school changes the expectation. By observing the excitement and importance attached to dating and relationships within the high school social scene, it quickly becomes apparent that one is now expected not only to be a child and a student, but a significant other ( «вторая половина» ) as well. Graduation from high school or college involves socialization into a new set of expectations. Educational expectations vary (варьироваться) not only from culture to culture, but from class to class. While middle or upper class families may expect their daughter or son to attend a four-year university after graduating from high school, other families may expect their child to immediately (сразу) begin working fulltime, as many within their family have done before. 14
Socialization Across the Life Course Aging process social roles evolve and change. Pleasures of youth, such as wild nights out and serial dating Responsibility and commitment are emphasized as pillars (основы) of adulthood (взросления), and men and women are expected to “settle down” (остепениться). Many people enter into marriage or a civil union (гражданский союз), bring children into their families, and focus on a career path. Anticipatory socialization - the preparation for future life roles. E. g. : a couple who cohabitate before marriage, or soon-to-be parents who read infant care books and prepare their home for the new arrival. As part of anticipatory socialization, adults who are financially able begin planning for their retirement, saving money and looking into future health care options. The transition into any new life role, despite the social structure that supports it, can be difficult. 15
Resocialization - old behaviors that were helpful in a previous role are removed because they are no longer of use. Resocialization is necessary when a person moves to a senior care center (дом престарелых), goes to boarding school (школа-интернат), or serves time in jail (тюрьма). In the new environment, the old rules no longer apply. The process of resocialization is typically more stressful than normal socialization because people have to unlearn (разучиться) behaviors that have become customary (привычный) to them. Resocialization: 2 -part process: 1) leave behind old identity through what is known as a degradation ceremony. In a degradation ceremony, new members lose the aspects of their old identity and are given new identities. The process is sometimes gentle. To enter a senior care home, an elderly person often must leave a family home and give up many belongings (личные вещи) which were part of his or her long-standing identity. Though caretakers guide the elderly compassionately, the process can still be one of loss (потеря). In many cults, this process is also gentle and happens in an environment of support and caring. In other situations, the degradation ceremony can be more extreme. New prisoners lose freedom, rights (including the right to privacy), and personal belongings. When entering the army, soldiers have their hair cut short. Their old clothes are removed and they wear matching uniforms. These individuals must give up any markers of their former identity in order to be resocialized into an identity as a “soldier. ” 16
Resocialization 2) build a new identity that matches the new society. In the military, soldiers go through basic training together, where they learn new rules and bond with one another. They follow structured schedules set by their leaders. Soldiers must keep their areas clean for inspection, learn to march in correct formations, and salute when in the presence of superiors. Learning to deal with life after having lived in a total institution requires yet another process of resocialization. In the army, soldiers learn discipline and a capacity for hard work. They set aside personal goals to achieve a mission, and they take pride in the accomplishments of their units. Many soldiers who leave the military transition these skills into excellent careers. Others find themselves lost upon leaving, uncertain about the outside world, and what to do next. The process of resocialization to civilian life is not a simple one. 17
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