Скачать презентацию SOCIAL POLICY Done by Bolatova B Italy
Social policy.pptx
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Скачать презентацию SOCIAL POLICY Done by Bolatova B Italy
Скачать презентацию SOCIAL POLICY Done by Bolatova B Italy
SOCIAL POLICY Done by: Bolatova B.
Italy Health care In 1978, a health reform introduced the National Health Service. The National Health Service is a public and universalistic system aimed at guaranteed healthcare for all citizens. It was planned to be an entitlement and was not means-tested. Later, the financial situation urged to introduce user charges in order to avoid wastages, even if this might lead to inequalities, and meanstesting for common tests and medicine. In 1992 a major reform allowed citizens to pay higher fees in order to receive private services within the National Health Service; by this way, public spending decreased. Today the National Health Service is financed both by direct taxes and by the revenues of the local health agencies, made by partial or total payments on services. The SSN is mainly dealt by regions, which control the local health agencies and set the level of user charges, however under the control of the Health Ministry.
Health In general, the Italian health care system because of its bureaucratic organization and regional inequalities in the provision of health services is not effective, and therefore in need of reform. This concerns not only the problems of financing emerging costs, but also the lack of adequate controls in this area.
Education is free and compulsory for children between 6 and 16 years of age. It includes 5 years of universal primary school, 3 years of secondary school and finally 4 or 5 years of high school leading to a "diploma", which, in turn give access to professions, for example: draftsman, teacher and university courses. Primary school includes free books but not uniform or transport, from the age of 12 the cost of books and transport, and all other fees for secondary school, are the responsibility of the family. Sometimes some families with low income, (means tested benefits) could apply for a voucher in part payment for the chosen workbooks/texts which are very numerous and expensive in Italy. Universities are both public and private; public universities are mainly financed by the State and have low, income-related fees and meanstested support for low-income students, while private universities have much higher fees. Students in the lower and middle steps of the education still have to pay minimal enrollment fees, usually around 20€ per year, and the books are not always covered by the state vouchers.
Pencion system in Italy In Italy, as in other countries of continental Europe, the existing funded pension system is in crisis. The pension system was created in the middle of the last century, when the birth rate in the country was quite high, and the number of pensioners was not so great. Today, the Italians can retire with a 35 -year record of service or age 65 and 60 years - for men and women respectively. With such a small length of service and numerous benefits for civil servants is it that the average Italians can retire at age 57. In Italy, almost the highest pensions in the EU. Italy spends on pensions, more than any other country in the Euro Union - 15. 1% of gross domestic product (GDP). Pension contributions are (over 60%) of all the social costs of the Italian state. In addition to the general pension system, in Italy there is a system of supplementary pension insurance. Article 38 th of the Italian Constitution provides for the possibility of the existence of private pension schemes. However, due to the lack of a unified legislative and regulatory features of the Italian financial system, such as a permanent crisis of public finances and the narrowness of the financial market, in particular the securities market, the additional pension insurance system were underdeveloped due to the lack of guarantees of stability and reliability, which are necessary the terms of the pension funds.
Despite the fact that social policy in Italy is still the responsibility of the state, yet the economic policy of the European Union exerts a certain influence. On the one hand, the EU does not intervene in the social policies of the member states. On the other hand, the economic policy of the EU indirectly affects the economy of its member states by establishing the convergence criteria in the economic sphere.
Brazil Health Difficult social conditions, lack of medical care to the population, the lack of it in the interior of the country - all this leads to the fact that various diseases in Brazil every year claim thousands of lives of thousands of c. The fact that the forgery of various drugs and medicinal products factory owners purchased in Brazil rampant. Official controls over the quality of medicines is a simple fiction: the owners of the factories produce experimental batches of drugs for which they are granted a patent for sale. Since no control over the selling proprietary means no, manufacturers, received permission to have the opportunity to produce and sell as they please. This system leads to the fact that "in Brazil, at least 50% of marketed drugs fake. “ Brazilian health needs funds. However, the health of the general budget of the country is released only about 1%.
Education in Brazil is regulated by the federal government through the Ministry of Education, which sets guidelines for the organization of educational programs. Local governments are responsible for the establishment of public and educational programs in accordance with the instructions and the use of funding provided by the federal government. However, mass elementary school is the responsibility of the authorities of individual states. In 2004, there were 83, 596 primary schools. As for secondary schools, they are formally under the control of the federal government. However, in reality this is a purely external control four-fifths of the secondary schools owned by private organizations, the Catholic Church and to individuals. In Brazil, four universities, including one state. In addition, Brazil has private higher education institutions, faculties of several different specialties.
Educational Statistics As a large middle-income country, Brazil still has several underdeveloped regions. Its education system is accordingly plagued by many deficiencies and social and regional disparities. As of 2006: - Literacy rate of 90. 2% for people age 15 or older - 7. 2 years of formal education, on average. 8. 4 years for white people, 6. 1 years for black people 5. 1 years in the Northeast versus 7. 2 years in the Southeast and 6. 9 years in the South. The nation invests 4. 3% of GDP on education. The federal government aims to gradually increase this number to 7%. As of 2008: - Literacy rate of 97. 5% for people age 6 to 14 - Literacy rate of 84. 1% for people age 15 to 17 - Literacy rate of 92. 0% of Brazil. The Brazilian education level is considered low compared to developed countries, especially in public schools, despite its being high in many of their private counterparts o
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Скачать презентацию SOCIAL POLICY Done by Bolatova B Italy
Social policy.pptx