Social Activism Chapter 22 23 1960 s

Social Activism Chapter 22 & 23

1960’s Timeline ª 1959 ª 1960 ª 1961 ª 1963 ª 1964 ª 1965 ª 1966 ª 1967 ª 1968 ª 1973 ª 1975 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba Pres. Kennedy elected Berlin Wall built in Germany March on Washington South Vietnamese government overthrown JFK Assassinated Equal Pay Act passed by Congress Pres. Johnson elected La Huelga – grape strike Black Panther Party begins Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India 6 Day War Israel v. many Arab nations Kerner Commission releases report N. Korea takes a U. S. Navy ship – crew released 1 year later American Indian Movement organized Pres. Nixon elected U. S. forces negotiate a peace treaty in Vietnam N. Vietnamese capture S. Vietnamese capital (Saigon)

Chapter 22 Section 1

WHAT IS…

Non-Violence Sit-ins: Led to DEsegregation (combining) of lunch counters and restaurants March through Birmingham Increased public support for Civil Rights Freedom Rides Led to Interstate Commerce Commission strengthening desegregation regulations Montgomery Bus Boycott Desegregation of busses

Protests for Equality Albany, Georgia All protesters were arrested quietly and with nonviolence Met nonviolence with nonviolence This is NOT successful!! – Civil Rights needs strong reactions Birmingham, Alabama Police attacked protesters – Leads to support from public Protesters arrested All over television – Civil Rights got more support!!

Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights needed FEDERAL LAWS – ENFORCED BY – FEDERAL GOV. In order to achieve this, organizers led THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON Held in Washington D. C. King spoke “I have a dream…” (click to hear speech) Civil Rights Act of 1964 PASSED – Banned discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

Chapter 22 Section 2

Trying to Get Voting Rights Mississippi- was the focus state because of prior voting registration problems African Americans were forced to pass difficult literacy tests In Mc. Comb, MS only 24 new African Americans became registered voters Jailings, beatings, and murders scarred the voting process

Freedom Summer 24 th amendment: banned the payment of poll taxes (only for national elections) New strategy: bring white volunteers to help African Americans register Volunteers came from colleges in the North Gave hope of a more united effort Shockingly 3 of the volunteers end up murdered! 1600 more voters became registered in MS

Freedom Summer

Turn to page 658

Selma and Voting Rights Act Selma, Alabama: voters attempting to register were beaten then arrested A protest march was organized from Selma to Montgomery- police were ordered to attack the marchers Americans started to show support for the marchers Lyndon Johnson pushed the Voting Rights Bill through quickly

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Put the whole registration process under federal control Mississippi-African Americans registered 59% Alabama- 57%

Chapter 22 Section 3

Role of Malcolm X African Americans started to question the nonviolence approach Malcolm X was a Nation of Islam minister Called for Black Freedom “by any means necessary” Opposite method of MLK, but similar goals He later changed his beliefs after a pilgrimage to Mecca Was murdered in 1965

New Movements Black Power- called for black separatism Black Panther Party- started by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Panthers promoted self defense, carried firearms around, dressed in black Many gun battles with the police.

Results of the New Movement MLK continued marches in Chicago Much more violence in American cities Watts Riots- started with an arrest, ended with 33 deaths, injuries, and 4, 000 arrested Kerner Commission- created by President Johnson to investigate the violence Findings- white racism, was responsible for the tensions that led to the riots

Watts Riots: August 1965

Martin Luther King Jr. • Assassinated April 4, 1968 in Memphis, TN • by James Earl Ray • Shocked African American neighborhoods broke out in outrage and riots.

Chapter 22 Section 4

Organizations in Trouble Following MLK’s death, the SCLC lacked a dominant leader SCLC and the Black Panthers attempted to unite: again lack of leadership made this unsuccessful Nation of Islam survived through the leadership of Elijah Muhammed

Busing and Affirmative Action Buses were court ordered to pick up African American students and send them to white schools across town. Many white Americans protested this ruling, most notably in Boston Affirmative Action: the act of giving preference to minorities and women in admission and hiring

Successes!! Thurgood Marshall became a Supreme Court Justice (1 st African American) 6. 5 million African Americans voted for Jimmy Carter in 1976 16 members in the House of Representatives More African Americans were business owners and college enrollments were up.

Chapter 23 Sec. 1 Women’s Rights

Section 1 Notes Pg. 676 l The Feminine Mystique l l Pointed out many women felt dissatisfied with their lives Inspired many to seek career opportunities and fair treatment in the workplace

The Government helped l Equal Pay Act l l Presidents Commission on the Status of Women l l Investigated lives of women Title VII l l Illegal to pay female workers less than male Outlawed sexual discrimination in employment Equal Employment Opportunity commission l Ensured employers followed Title VII

Women’s Movement Tactics Pg. 679 l Established Women’s rights groups l NOW l l ? ? National Women’s Political Caucus l ? ?

Success / Setbacks of Movement l l Gains – Educational Amendments Act / Roe v. Wade / Increase in female politicians Setbacks – ERA / Opposition from conservative activists

Chapter 23 Section 2 Notes

The Chicano Movement l l l Mexican American movement for equal rights Movement started with migrant workers going on strike for higher wages National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) led by Cesar Chavez joined the strike by Filipino grape harvesters

La Huelga: The Delano Grape Strike l l l Strike started on Sept. 16, 1965 March was done to promote Americans to NOT buy grapes because workers were treated UNFAIRLY Chavez helped the effort to collect donations of money and food Chavez led a 300 mile march to Sacramento, CA Strike lasted until 1970, workers signed new contracts.

United Farm Workers l l l Workers union that merged with NFWA Goal was gain more workers rights for Mexican Americans Included non-Hispanic members too.

Brown Berets l l Similar to the Black Panthers but for Latinos Mexican American Activist group: 1967 They were upset about police brutality against them Leader: Carlos Munoz

Crusade for Justice l l l Founded by Rodolfo Gonzales Promoted Mexican American nationalism Offered community services, newspaper, legal aid, and a school

Mexican American Youth Organization l l l MAYO: founded 1967 by Jose Angel Gutierrez Occurred in Texas Revolved around youth issues in schools resulting in protests and walkouts

La Raza Unida Party l l l A Chicano political party started by Jose Angel Gutierrez Helped Mexican Americans gain city council positions in Texas cities RUP later expanded to other states

Chapter 23 Section 3 Notes

Red Power Pg. 689 American Indian Movement (AIM) l Activists demanded l l l Called for self-determination Repayment for illegally seized land Renewal of Indian culture

Americans w/ Disabilities gained success w/ TV l Now – public facilities are available for people with disabilities…HOW? l l l 1960 – Tax dollars went to facilities that were unavailable to people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Act passed – No discrimination in jobs, education or housing Education for All Handicapped Children Act – schools must provide education to all children

Senior & Children Move Seniors l AARP – Goal to eliminated mandatory retirement l Congress passed Older Americans Act Children • Children’s Bill of Rights – rights designed specifically for children • Children’s Defense Fund – goal was to solve problems faced by large groups of US kids

College Students Move – Section 4 Pg. 694 l Cause to Protest l l l Generation Gap Vietnam War Desire to create new social order Civil Rights violations Policies limited freedom of speech