Small Unit Operations SUO PDA ARPI Austin Tate

Small Unit Operations SUO/PDA ARPI Austin Tate & David Wilkins AIAI & SRI International E-mail: a. tate@ed. ac. uk, wilkins@ai. sri. com www: http: //www. aiai. ed. ac. uk/~arpi/SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 1

Small Unit Operations SUO/PDA ARPI SUO/PDA Objective Demonstrate capability relevant to a SUO/Situation Assessment System (SAS) environment to generate, refine, select, communicate, execute and repair plans across multiple echelons. Limited interfaces available on soldier-borne device. Two examples of COA plan generation and use: - Defensive - Halt an Attack in Restrictive Terrain; - Offensive - Military Operations in Urban Terrain. Advanced Planning Technology • • Use results of DARPA/AFRL Planning Initiative (ARPI) and Planning & Decision Aids (PDA) work Multi-Agent Planning Architecture (MPA) and O-Plan Systems Integration Architecture SIPE-2/CPEF and O-Plan AI Planners Mixed Initiative Planning Aids Planning Domain Knowledge Acquisition Tools/Editors Continuous Planning, Re-planning and Plan Repair Planning Process Panels Rich Shared Plan Representations Schedule 2 QCY 99 - SUO Scenario and storyboard/demo script development. Walk-through of technical requirements, mockup of non-working parts. Produce demo script and scenarios. 3 QCY 99 - Technology and demonstration development first pass, interim demonstration. 4 QCY 99 & Q 1 CY 00 - Full demonstration development. 1 Q & Q 2 CY 00 - Transition and communication of results to SUO contractor. Refinement of demonstration and technology. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 2

Objective ARPI • Demonstrate capability relevant to a SUO/Situation Assessment System (SAS) environment to generate, refine, communicate, execute and repair plans across multiple echelons. • Limited interfaces available on soldier-borne device. • Two examples of COA plan generation and use: • Defensive - Halt an Attack in Restrictive Terrain; • Offensive - Military Operations in Urban Terrain. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 3

Approach ARPI • Use results of DARPA/AFRL Planning Initiative (ARPI) and Planning & Decision Aids (PDA) work • Multi-Agent Planning Architecture (MPA) and O-Plan Systems Integration Architecture • SIPE-2/CPEF and O-Plan AI Planners • Mixed Initiative Planning Aids • Planning Domain Knowledge Acquisition Tools/Editors • Continuous Planning, Re-planning and Plan Repair • Planning Process Panels • Rich Shared Plan Representations SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 4

Long-term Contributions to the Soldier ARPI • Fast generation of multiple distinct COAs, including ones the commander may not have considered. • Commander can explore more options in detail. • Avoid mistakes: uniformly high plan quality, even during high-stress crises. • Monitor plan execution and respond quickly to events, helping the commander modify the plan appropriately. • Provide relevant information to other echelons, allowing fast communication while preserving bandwidth. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 5

Practical Issues/Challenges ARPI • Effort to acquire the knowledge base (KB). • • • KB will cover a small subset of an officer’s knowledge and will add value. Effort commensurate with capability. Reduce effort by limiting scenario, relying on human knowledge, etc. Human can override PDA -- blind spots not fatal Other DARPA programs address this problem in the larger scale • Assumptions about the world information available from sensors. • • Rely on information which the SUO/SAS can provide Baseline: SALUTE reports and GPS data. • Input and output burden on soldiers when using SUO/PDA. • • PDA would augment officer at time he would consult map or talk on radio Voice input and limited interface modalities being considered by SUO contractor. • Sensor planning • • • PDA will plan for awareness requirements PDA will respond to reports from SAS Will not model low-level details of sensor operations, or plan their exact deployment SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 6

Integration/TIEs ARPI • Validate MPA by integrating several systems in DARPA Planning Initiative (TIE 97 -1): INSPECT (ISI) OPIS (CMU) Advisable Planner (SRI) SIPE-2 (SRI) ACS (UMass) Process Panel (AIAI -UEdin) APAT (ISX) VISAGE (MAYA) • Domain is Air Campaign Planning • thousands of objects, several thousand nodes in each plan • plan down to support mission level (must allocate supporting resources) • air superiority objective only • targets grouped into networks which depend on other networks • network effectiveness is modeled quantitatively SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 7

TIE 97 -1 Demonstrations DARPA ARPI • May 98 - ARPI Workshop, Monterey CA • Feb 98 - DARPA, Arlington VA • Dec 97 - JFACC PMR, San Pedro CA • Nov 97 - ARPI Workshop, San Francisco CA Increasing Capabilities • Sept 98 - EFX 98, Ft. Walton Beach FL SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 8

Technology Transition ARPI DARPA SUO program: -prototype planning and decision aid DARPA JFACC program: -building on Cypress, MPA, TIE 97 -1 MAPVis SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 9

SUO Scenarios ARPI • Two SUO-SAS scenarios have been chosen: • Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT): Operation San Roberto • Halt an Attack in Restrictive Terrain: Operation Golden Manacle • KA has been performed for both scenarios • Interim demo is in MOUT scenario • Main demo is in Halt an Attack scenario SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 10

Differences between the Two Scenarios ARPI MOUT Halt an Attack · · · · · Defensive Restrictive wooded terrain Battalion-sized operation Wide area move planning Mechanized threat Wide area sensors BN, CO, PLT Workstation-based aids Graphics+typing modalities · · · · · Offensive Close confined urban terrain Company-sized operation Close combat Foot soldier threat Localized sensors CO, PLT, SQ Soldier-borne aids Glance+select modalities SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 11

Opportunities for PDA Support in MOUT ARPI Overall Process from Receipt of Mission to Success In Advance Deliberative Planning & Rehearsal En-route Rehearsal & Replanning During Mission After Action Low Tempo Adaptation & Plan Repair High Tempo Monitoring & Plan Selection After Action Planning & Support SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 12

MOUT Concept of Operations ARPI 2 nd Plt 1 st Plt OP “M” 3 rd Plt 4 th Plt SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 13

Halt an Attack - Defensive Scenario ARPI • Halt a mechanized enemy regiment in restrictive terrain with a SUO battalion • Place obstacles to force enemy into engagement area • Use forward infantry to observe, channel, and delay • Rely on fire support to attrit • Channel enemy to Southwest • Use a CO(+) to defeat enemy in engagement area SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 14

Defensive Scenario - Plan Generation ARPI • BN plan/order is input to PDA • PDA produces plans for each CO and each PLT • KB covers following: • Observing avenues of approach (AAs) • Using sensors to provide and supplement observation and to provide security • Covering AAs with obstacles • Positioning units • Selecting a channelizing path for OPFOR • Nominating positions for fire support (FS) units • Selecting an engagement area (EA) in which to defeat channelized units • Preparing the EA for the battle SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 15

Main Demo - Halt an Attack ARPI Battalion Planning & Execution System Domain Model Activity Templates & Constraints Reports Company Planning & Execution System OPORD FRAGO Control Panel User Interfaces & C 2 Process Management Reports Platoon Execution Support System SUO/SAS System OPORD FRAGO Initial Battalion OPORD Creation and Editing World Simulation and Scenario Event Generation AIAI Responsibility SRI Responsibility World Simulator SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 16

SUO/PDA Knowledge Acquisition Stage ARPI Knowledge Acquisition for Halt an Attack (SRI with AIAI) SIPE Acts Army CALL Bulletins Doctrine, SOP, TTP Subject Matter Experts Process Modelling Methods & Tools Knowledge Acquisition for MOUT (AIAI with SRI) Domain Model Activity Templates & Constraints O-Plan TF SUO 3 Repn. AIAI Responsibility SRI Responsibility SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 17

AIAI Contributing Technology ARPI Austin Tate with Jeff Dalton, John Levine, Peter Jarvis AIAI, University of Edinburgh 80 South Bridge, Edinburgh, UK E-mail: a. tate@ed. ac. uk Tel: +44 (131) 650 2732 www: http: //www. aiai. ed. ac. uk/project/oplan http: //www. aiai. ed. ac. uk/project/ix SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 18

AIAI Contributing Technology ARPI • Generation of multiple qualitatively distinct alternative COAs dependent upon alternative assumptions and advice about the situation. • Support for mixed-initiative incremental plan development, manipulation and use. • Situation-dependant plan repair as situation changes. • Systems integration framework for modular planning and plan analysis systems. • Management of planning and execution process promotion of intelligent process management and workflow concepts. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 19

AIAI Contributing Technology ARPI • • Shared Models of Tasks, Processes and Plans Issue-based Problem Solving Constraint and Domain Management Planning Process Panels Web Delivery of Planning Facilities Process Editor Previous O-Plan Technology New I-X Technology SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 20

ARPI Shared Plan Model - a rich plan representation using a common constraint model of activity (). Shared Task Model - Mixed initiative model of “mutually constraining the space of behaviour”. Shared Space of Options - explicit option management. Shared Model of Agent Capabilities - handlers for issues, functional capabilities and constraint managers. Shared Understanding of Authority - management of the authority to plan (to handle issues) and act which may take into account options, phases and levels. SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 21

O-Plan -> I-X ARPI Requirements Reports Interface Manager Plan. World Viewers Controller Processing Platform(s) Issue Handlers Data Base Manager Plan State Issues Nodes Constraint Managers Constraint Associator Information Sources Requirements Reports Processing Capabilities Technical & World Viewers Task & Option Management Model Management Mediators/Mapping Constraint Managers Information Sources SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 22

I-Plan and ARPI Plan State I Issues or Implied Constraints Plan Agenda N Node Constraints Plan Entities CA Detailed Constraints Plan Constraints Choose (IH) Do (IH) Propagate Constraints Space of Legitimate Plan Elaborations C=Critical Constraints A=Auxiliary Constraints IH=Issue Handler (Agent Functional Capability) SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 23

SRI Contributing Technology ARPI David Wilkins, Tom Lee SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center Menlo Park, CA E-mail: wilkins@ai. sri. com Tel: 650 -859 -2057 www: http: //www. ai. sri. com/~sipe http: //www. ai. sri. com/~cpef SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 24

ARPI Intelligent Operations Management Domain Characteristics • Tasks are complex and open-ended • Operating environments are dynamic and possibly hostile • Complete and accurate knowledge of the world can never be attained • Full automation is neither possible nor desirable Þ Successful operation requires a mix of • user involvement and control • continuous planning • rapid response to unexpected events • dynamic adaptation of activities SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 25

CPEF Architecture ARPI MPA Messages SUO/PDA ARPI Fall 1999 Workshop 26