Small-Scale Desalination of Brackish Water Presentation to AAAS Annual Meeting 16 February 2004 Dr. Kenell Touryan – NREL Dr. Allan Hoffman – Winrock International 1
Context w The earth’s supply of fresh water is limited and under increasing stress w Many places in the world lacking fresh water resources have access to brackish water w Desalination of brackish water (and other mineralized water resources) can become a major source of potable water 2
MINERAL CONTENTS OF VARIOUS WATERS TYPE OF FEED WATER MINERAL CONTENT(PPM) Sea Water 10, 000 -45, 000 Brackish Water 100 -5, 000 Industrial Effluents 500 -5, 000 Municipal Wastewaters 500 -5, 000 3
An Example: The Middle East 4
Middle East Water Situation w Populations are growing rapidly n Jordan/4. 4%; PA/3. 3%; Israel: 2. 2% w Water demand is growing rapidly n Jordan/3. 7%; West Bank/10. 2%; Gaza Strip/5. 5%; Israel/2. 1% w Projected fresh water shortages* n n 2010: 200 -1210 x 106 m 3/year 2040: 870 -3480 x 106 m 3/year ----------------------------------------- • zero water shortage is equivalent to the 1994 water supply of 3 x 109 m 3/year 5
The Political and Resource Context w Addressing the PA’s and Israel’s water security concerns is central to the peace process “. . there will be no real peace if there is no water. ” (Nabil al-Sharif, Head/PA Water Authority) w Two resources present in large quantities in the Middle East are brackish water and solar energy w Widespread use of solar energy to power desalination of brackish water can address at least one facet of the water security issue and contribute to the peace process 6
The Water-Energy Nexus w Central to addressing water security issues is having the energy to: n n Lift water from depth in underground aquifers Pump water through pipes Manage and treat waste water Desalinate brackish or sea water w Water and energy issues are inextricably linked w 7 percent of world energy consumption is used to deliver water 7
The Jordan Project w Jointly funded by USDOE AND USAID w Involves Jordan, Israel and the PA (in-kind contributions) w Official title: “Solar Powered Desalination and Pumping Unit for Brackish Water” w Initial discussions took place in 1997; implementation in two phases due to unsettled situation between Israel and the PA 8
The Jordan Project (continued) w Phase 1: provide a surplus and refurbished US military desalination unit (ROWPU-15, 000 gpd) to a remote village in Jordan; when circumstances permit, provide a commercial desalination unit to a remote village under the jurisdiction of the PA w Phase 2: regional cooperation among Jordan, Israel and the PA on the design and local manufacturing of small desalination units powered by solar energy and suitable for use in remote, water-stressed communities w There are more than 150 villages in the West Bank that are not connected to water or power networks w There is an even greater number in Jordan 9
Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit (ROWPU) 10
Village of Qatar w Selected for demonstration project by Jordanian Ministry of Water and Irrigation (35 km north of Aqaba) w Energy systems installed and maintained by National Energy Research Center of Jordan w 250 inhabitants; 35 households w Very low average annual income: $84 -169 (mainly livestock breeding and its products) w No fresh water; 2 wells into brackish water aquifer (depth: 50 m; salinity: 3865 ppm) w Annual average solar irradiation: 6 k. W/m 2/day 11
The Village at a Distance 12
Village Scene 13
Village School 14
Water Storage Pre-Project 15
Brackish Water Well Site 16
Muhtar and Cistern 17
Brine Disposal Pond 18
Village Operations Center 19
Delta-15 RO Desalination Unit Crane Environmental 20
Testing the Delta-15 21
Project Details – Second Unit (Aqaba) w Delta-15: 15, 000 gallons per day from brackish water with total dissolved solids of 4, 000 ppm w Power requirements: 380 V ac, 3 -phase, 50 Hz w PV system: 16. 8 k. Wp (oversized – need 12 k. Wp) w Battery + inverter for start-up and backup power for one day w Variable frequency drive added to system, to prevent start-up surge (less costly than increasing inverter size) w On-site training of Jordanian and PA staff (Note: a third unit - 10, 000 gpd - will be installed in Jericho on the West Bank) 22
Project Contacts w Dr. Kenell Touryan Project Leader/NREL Tel: 303 -275 -3009; E-mail: ken_touryan@nrel. gov w Dr. Malek Kabariti President/Jordan NERC Tel: 962 -6 -5338041; E-mail: malek. kabariti@nerc. gov. jo w Prof. Raphael Semiat Director/Rabin Desalination Laboratory (Technion, Israel) Tel: 972 -4 -8292009; E-mail: cesemiat@tx. technion. ac. il w Dr. Allan Hoffman Winrock International (on detail from USDOE) Tel: 703 -525 -9430, X 623; E-mail: ahoffman@winrock. org 23
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