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SIMPLE SENTENCE SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.

Any independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It has a subject and Any independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. For example: Jill reads. Even the addition of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases to a simple sentence does not change it into a complex sentence. For example: The brown dog with the red collar always barks loudly.

Types of simple sentences. Sentences can be classified on the following groups: 1. According Types of simple sentences. Sentences can be classified on the following groups: 1. According to the purpose of utterance: • declarative (statements); • interrogative(questions); • imperative(commands); • exlamatory(exclamanations).

2. According to the syntactic structure: • Two-member sentences(have 2 principle parts – the 2. According to the syntactic structure: • Two-member sentences(have 2 principle parts – the subject and predicate) He could not help smiling. • One-member sentences (have only one principle part expressed by either a noun, or a verb) What a nice view! (nominal one-member ) Keep clear of the road! (verbal one –member sentence)

Simple sentences, both twomember and one-member, can be: • Unextended (consists only of principal Simple sentences, both twomember and one-member, can be: • Unextended (consists only of principal parts of the sentence) She is a student. • Extended (consists of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts of the sentence) Birds come back from warm countries.

Types of the structure of a simple sentence: S+V The girls rowed past the Types of the structure of a simple sentence: S+V The girls rowed past the dock. (1 subject, 1 verb) S+S+V Sarah and Tiffany raised the sail. (2 subjects, 1 verb) S+V+V The wind had fallen but was rising quickly by late afternoon. (1 subject, 2 verbs) S+S+V+V Gulls and terns circled overhead or floated on the water. (2 subjects, 2 verbs) V+S Across the waves to the island sped the boat. (verb before subject for effect) V+S? Was the island inhabited? (verb before subject in a question) V+S+V? Have you gone there before? (verb before and after subject in a question) There+V+S There are no people on the island. (there + verb before subject) Here+V+S Here is a small harbour. (here + verb before subject) V Lower the sail. Row to shore. (command verbs; subject you is not stated)

The principal parts of the sentence. The subject and the predicate constitute the backbone The principal parts of the sentence. The subject and the predicate constitute the backbone of the sentence: without them the sentence would not exist at all, whereas all other parts may or may not be there, and if they are there, they serve to define or modify either the subject or the predicate, or each other.

The subject is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence: It denotes The subject is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence: It denotes the thing whose action or characteristic is expressed by the predicate. It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence. It may be expressed by different parts of speech, the most frequent ones being: a noun in the common case, a personal pronoun in the nominative case, a demonstrative pronoun occasionally, a substantivized adjective, a numeral, an infinitive, and a gerund. It may also be expressed by a phrase.

The predicate is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence: It denotes The predicate is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence: It denotes the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence. Ways of expressing the predicate are varied and their structure will better be considered under the heading of types of predicate.

Types of the predicate: • The simple predicate is expressed by a finite verb Types of the predicate: • The simple predicate is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form. Erik arrived at the lab next morning. • The compound predicate. As can be seen from the term itself the compound predicate consists of two parts: (a) a finite verb and (b) some other part of speech: a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, a verbal (a participle, a gerund, an infinitive), etc. The compound nominal predicate denotes the state or quality of the person or thing expressed by the subject (e. g. He is tired, The book is interesting), or the class of persons or things to which this person or thing belongs (e. g. She is a student). The compound nominal predicate consists of a link verb and a predicative.

The compound verbal predicate can be divided into two types according to the meaning The compound verbal predicate can be divided into two types according to the meaning of the finite verb: (1) the compound verbal modal predicate; (2) the compound verbal aspect predicate. The compound verbal modal predicate shows whether the action expressed by a non-finite form of the verb is considered as possible, impossible, obligatory, necessary, desirable, etc. You can prove everything and nothing. The compound verbal aspect predicate expresses the beginning, repetition, duration, or cessation of the action expressed by the non-finite form of the verb. Here also belong would and used + Infinitive, which denote a repeated action in the past. His bones ceased to ache.

The secondary parts of the sentence The Object is a secondary part of the The secondary parts of the sentence The Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb, and denoting a thing to which the action passes on, which is a result of the action, in reference to which an action is committed or a property is manifested, or denoting an action as object of another action. Haviland closed the door.

Kinds of objects. The direct object is used after transitive verbs with which it Kinds of objects. The direct object is used after transitive verbs with which it is closely connected as it denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb. It is used without any preposition. Again I moved my head negatively. The indirect object denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed. There also cases when it denotes a thing. There are two types of indirect object: 1. The indirect object of the first type, which expresses the addressee of the action. She gave him an interesting book to read. 2. The indirect object of the second type, which is more frequently used with intransitive verbs than with transitive ones and which does not always express the addressee of the action. An idea had occurred to Soames.

The complex object. The direct and the prepositional indirect object may be simple and The complex object. The direct and the prepositional indirect object may be simple and complex. The complex object consists of two components, of which the second stands in predicate relation to the first. The complex object can be non-prepositional and prepositional. I observed Agnes turn pale. The cognate object. There is a special kind of object in English which has the following peculiarities. 1. It is used with intransitive verbs though it has no preposition. 2. It is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in meaning. 3. It is almost regularly attended by an attribute with which it forms a combination that is close in meaning to an adverbial modifier: to live a happy life — to live happily. The cognate object is generally used in such combinations as: to smile a sad smile, to laugh a bitter laugh, to die a violent death, etc.

The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property. Apposition – a word or a phrase referring to a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, and giving some other designation to the person or thing named by that noun. For a moment, Melanie thought how nice Captain Butler was. Adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial modifiers. Time and frequency, We shall try it tomorrow. Place and direction, Gains had spies everywhere. Manner and attendant Hendel Hull so obviously adored his wife circumstances, I can go to bed at last without dreading tomorrow. Cause, The men were weary, having run behind the beasts all day. Purpose, They opened the way for her to come to him. Result, She is too fond of the child to leave it. Condition, Mrs. Micawber thought that with large means her husband would have distinguished himself long ago. Concession, Though frightened he carried it off very well. Degree It is rather good.

Detached parts of the sentence are those secondary parts which assume a certain grammatical Detached parts of the sentence are those secondary parts which assume a certain grammatical and semantic independence. This phenomenon is due to their loose connection with the words they modify. In spoken language detached parts of the sentence are marked by intonation, pauses, and special stress; in written language they are generally separated by commas or dashes. The detached adverbial modifier. Any part of speech used in the function of an adverbial modifier may be detached, which accounts for the comma that separates it from the rest of the sentence. It was a wide white building, one storey high. The detached attribute. A detached attribute can modify not only a common noun as an ordinary attribute does but also a proper noun and a pronoun. It was a wide white building, one storey high. The detached object. The prepositional indirect object is often detached. She does not change — except her hair.