SIBERIAN COLLEGE OF TRANSPORT & CONSTRUCTION THEME: ”Musical direction of the USA” Group: I. S. 11 -1 Student’s name: Martynov Kirill Teacher's name: Gorovaya O. V. Irkutsk 2012
OUTLINE OF THE REPORT § Formation of American folk music a) spirituals b) blues c) jazz § The development of musical life § Professional works by American composers a) John Paine(briefly) b) Chadwick, George Whitefield(briefly) c) Charlie Parker(briefly) § Increasing political songs § Summing-up § References
Formation of American folk music § Spirituals, spiritual (born Spirituals, Spiritual music) - African. American spiritual songs. Spirituals as a genre took shape in the last third of the XIX century in the United States as a modified black slave songs of the American South (at that time used the term "dzhubiliz"). § Blues (blues born from the blue devils) - a musical form and a music genre that originated in the late XIX century in the African-American community of the Southeast United States, among the natives of the plantation "cotton belt". Is (along with ragtime, early jazz, rap, etc. ) one of the most influential contributions to world music - African. American. § Jazz (born jazz) - a form of music that emerged in the late XIX - early XX century in the U. S. due to fusion of African and European cultures and subsequently received widespread. The characteristic features of the musical language of jazz improvisation originally began, polyrhythm, based on syncopated rhythms, and a unique set of methods of execution of rhythmic textures - swing. The further development of jazz took place due to the development of jazz musicians and composers of new rhythmic and harmonic patterns.
The development of musical life Urban growth contributed to the development of musical life. First concert of secular music were held in New York (1736) and Boston (1731). Their program included vocal and instrumental works by Bach, Handel, Mozart, and arias from the English ballad opera. At the end of XVIII - early XIX century. there were collections of popular plays and serious music. Various musical and educational organizations introduced American audiences to European music. In 1832, musician and educator L. Mason founded the Boston Academy of Music. During the War of Independence (1775 - 1783) in the United States have won wide popularity of martial music genres. Songs and marches composed by F. Hopkinson - a major political figure of this time, the poet and composer. By the 40 th years. XIX c. the arising of the "theater of the minstrels. " Menestrelnye presentation developed as a form of popular theater and fairground consisted of vocal, instrumental and circus and dance numbers, comic skits. Music and stylistic features of these performances shaped by the Negro folklore. With such a tradition of theater is closely related art, self-taught composer S. Fos-ter. His lyrical, comic, patriotic songs sung richness of the inner world the common man. After the Civil War (1861 -1865) is being developed Negro art. Work songs, spirituals, blues, ragtime and jazz spotlight their originality. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. a secular lyrical solo songs and blues. They are dominated by themes of loneliness, pain, disbelief, sadness and skepticism about black people.
Professional works by American composers John Knowles Paine (born John Knowles Paine; January 9, 1839 - April 25, 1906) American composer. Studied composition and playing the organ in Germany. Returning to the U. S. in 1861, he taught at Harvard University for 43 years. With George Chadwick, Arthur Foote, Edward Mac. Dowell, Amy Beach, and Horatio Parker was the so-called Boston six - a circle of composers who have made significant contributions to the formation of American classical music. Wrote the opera "Azara", two symphonies, oratorio "Saint Peter" for chorus and orchestra, and organ works.
Received initial lessons on the organ from an older brother. Dropped out of high school, Chadwick while helping his father, was engaged in the insurance business, and in 1872, he enrolled at the New England Conservatory, and in 1876 was appointed professor of music in the college town of Olivet, Michigan, in the same year was fulfilled its first product - Canon in E Major. Chadwick managed to participate in the founding conference of the National Association of Teachers of music, and then went to Europe to improve his musical education. For two years, Chadwick studied at the Leipzig Conservatory with Carl Reinecke and Salomon Jadassohn, writing for this time two string quartets, and the overture "Rip Van Winkle. " He then joined the company artistic American youth led by artist Frank Dyuvenekom, wandering around Europe, mainly between Munich and Paris. In addition to general impressions of vibrant artistic life of two leading European cultural capitals, in Munich while Chadwick studied with Josef Rheinberger. In 1880, Chadwick returned to Boston. He finished his first symphony, performed as an organist and conductor, in 1890 -1899 years. directed a music festival in Springfield. In 1897, he led the New England Conservatory and has done much to develop it. Chadwick, George Whitefield November 13, 1854 - April 4, 1931
In the late 1930 s, Parker began studying saxophone harder. During this period, he has mastered the basic principles of improvisation and developed some of the ideas leading up bebop. In an interview with Paul Desmond Charlie Parker said that in 3 -4 years, he worked on the saxophone for 15 hours a day. Undoubtedly, a significant impact on Parker had big bands Count Basie and Benny Motena. Charlie played in the local band, who performed in the jazz clubs of Kansas City and its surroundings. He perfected his technique under the guidance of Buster Smith (alto saxophone, also known as Professor Smith) In 1938, Parker played with pianist Jay Mak. Shennom, who led the so-called territory Band - dance ensemble, speaking in night clubs and other establishments in the Southwestern United States. The ensemble also toured to New York and Chicago. His first professional recording Parker made it with Charlie Parker ensemble Mak. Shenna. In adolescence Parker August 29, 1920 - March 12, 1955 addicted to morphine while in hospital after a car accident. Later it developed into addiction heroin addiction from which he could not escape his life and which, ultimately, was the cause of his death.
Increasing political songs The rise of the labor movement in the United States after World War II and especially in the 30's. led to the enhancement of the role of political songs. The labor movement was joined by prominent writers, composers and singers. In many cities have workers' clubs, where songs were created for workers choirs. One of the active members of the progressive movement in the U. S. the song was P. Robson, who dedicated his work promoting the Negro songs at home and abroad. He introduced Americans to the Soviet song. With great success Robson's tour in the USSR. Progressive traditions clearly manifested in the works of folk singer W. Guthrie, founder of American protest songs. In his songs, performed to the accompaniment of guitars, found expression topical themes and political protest. They won huge popularity in Democratic circles. Gartri had an impact on the movement of so-called folk singers, among them a prominent place belongs to Dylan B. and P. Shigeru. Seeger - the organizer of the mass movement for the revival of American folk songs. Very often Seeger performed in 40 -60 s. at public meetings and rallies. His repertoire includes songs of protest, anti-fascist songs, ballads, blues, spirituals, work songs ("We Shall Overcome", "International Brigades", "March of the miners, " "I will not allow segregation" and others), the songs of Soviet composers. In 1948, he created the group "The Weavers" - one of the best folk ensembles U. S. . Seeger - one of the organizers of the Newport Folk Music Festival, the magazine "Sing", dedicated to the folk song. Repeatedly came on tour in the USSR. Representative of the progressive song art U. S. 50 -80 -ies. is H. Belafonte. The most active he serves as a member of the civil rights of people of color U. S. .
Summing-up The nature of contemporary musical life of the U. S. is due to the constant absorption of elements of other musical cultures and at the same time active expansion abroad by his own music "product". This is largely depriving the national identity of many phenomena of music U. S.
References http: //ru. wikipedia. org http: //dic. academic. ru https: //google. ru/
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