SFIC Progress Report Mc Gill University and UCLA

SFIC Progress Report: Mc. Gill University and UCLA Tomáš Paus Santa Fe, May 2004

Teenage brain: Work in progress Brain weight Corpus callosum Broca-Wernicke pathway Visual pathway TP

Santa Fe Institute Consortium GOAL Mapping variations in structure-function relationships during childhood and adolescence SAMPLES 160 infants (80/site), recruited at 6 months, followed for 5 yr 160 children (80/site), recruited at 10 yr, followed for 5 yr DOMAINS Overall cognitive and academic abilities, language, and social cognition TOOLS Structural and functional MRI, 128 -channel electroencephalography, psychometrics, psychophysics & neuropsychology, questionnaires TP

Santa Fe Institute Consortium: Design overview Datasets f. MRI: Language, Social cognition EEG: Rest + Auditory Oscillations + Language ERP MRI: T 1 W, T 2 W, PDW, MT WISC-III, Acad skills, Lang, Memory, Exec, Emotion Screen, 4 -H questions, CBCL, HOME, sex horm TP

Santa Fe Institute Consortium: Schedule Recruitment Telephone Screening 20 min Day 0 Consent forms, Audio exam, Reading test, Questionnaires 90 min Day 1 Standard npsych tests, Computer-based tests, a. MRI 5 hours Day 2 EEG, saliva, f. MRI, computer-based tests 5 hours

Structure-function: Literacy (Woodcock-Johnson) Phonology (Nonword Reading) e. g. mafreatsun Auditory sensitivity (FM threshold) FORMANT TRANSITION “ba” “da” ƒ a. MRI f. MRI EEG TP

Structure-function: Empathy (Youth E. Scale) Runner test (accelerated breathing) a. MRI PMC AIP f. MRI TP

Recruitment Mc. Gill • Mass mailings via Info Canada (72 calls) • Advertisement in local newspaper (Montreal Families; 39 calls) • School visits and mailings (25 calls) N=180 calls UCLA • Mass mailings via Info U. S. A. (8 calls) • Fliers at the UCLA campus, YMCA, etc. (15 calls) • School visit and summer camps (7 calls)

Recruitment: Class visits When asked "Can anyone tell me anything at all about the brain? ": "That's where your smarts are. " "I heard when you freeze it, and the ice melts, it looks like a pile of spaghetti. " "The brain has two parts and they're called hemispheres. . . " "Your brain holds your memories. " The most ooohs and ahhhs came from: Hearing they'd get a $50 gift certificate "even if I fail? ? " Hearing there parents would get $100 "even if I just have one parent? " Seeing pictures of the EEG and the MRI. Hearing that they'd get pictures of their brains. Hearing they'd get to meet cool scientists like us!! Concerns they had: "Do I have to take my piercing out for the MRI? " "Is it dark in the MRI? Is someone else there with me? " "Can my friends come with me? " "Can my whole family come? " “Why can't 11 year olds do it. That's not fair!

Enrollment Mc. Gill UCLA 7 candidates passed telephone interview and are scheduled

Mc. Gill sample: 5 C Confidence Competence Character Caring Connection Positive Youth Dev

Mc. Gill sample: IQ distribution Mean: 114; SD: 11; n=29

Structure-function: Literacy (Woodcock-Johnson) Phonology (Nonword Reading) e. g. mafreatsun Auditory sensitivity (FM threshold) FORMANT TRANSITION “ba” “da” ƒ a. MRI f. MRI EEG TP

Computational analysis of MR images “Native” MRI Deformation field Registered MRI Segmentation Tissue Classification Cortical thickness White-matter Density Cerebral sulci

Sex differences in white-matter density SFIC (11 females>14 males) Paus 1999 (111 children, age effect)

Structure-function: Literacy (Woodcock-Johnson) Phonology (Nonword Reading) e. g. mafreatsun Auditory sensitivity (FM threshold) FORMANT TRANSITION “ba” “da” ƒ a. MRI f. MRI EEG TP

Hemispheric asymmetry in sound processing: f. MRI. Temporal - Spectral Zatorre & Belin, Cerebral Cortex, 2001 Spectral - Temporal

Hemispheric asymmetry in sound processing: f. MRI. Temporal vs. Standard 4 8 12 R L 8 R Adults n=19 L Spectral vs. Standard 7. 93 6. 07 6. 92 9. 19

Hemispheric asymmetry in sound processing: f. MRI. Temporal vs. Standard 4 8 12 R L 8 R Adults n=19 L Spectral vs. Standard 7. 93 6. 07 Children n=27 8 L 8. 14 6. 92 9. 19 4 R L 6. 41 8 8 5. 82 R 6. 95

Neural Correlates of Word Segmentation During Artificial Language Learning • Subjects listen to 3 streams of continuous speech (2 min 24 sec each) • 2 Artificial Languages where 12 syllables are first arranged in 4 tri-syllabic words which are then randomly concatenated § Stressed Language Condition: Statistical + Speech Cues (transitional probabilities + stress on word-initial syllables) pabikudaropitibudogolatudaropipabikugolatutibudodaropigolatu… § Unstressed Language Condition: Statistical cues only (transitional probabilities) pabikudaropitibudogolatudaropipabikugolatutibudodaropigolatu… • 1 Control Condition where 12 syllables are arranged in random order with no 3 -syllable string occurring more than 2 x § Random Syllables Condition: No statistical or prosodic cues tudaburogopitutiburodotitubukubilagododabiparodogopibibugola…

Language: Statistical learning Adults; n=12 (19 yr to 44 yr)

Structure-function: Literacy (Woodcock-Johnson) Phonology (Nonword Reading) e. g. mafreatsun Auditory sensitivity (FM threshold) FORMANT TRANSITION “ba” “da” ƒ a. MRI f. MRI EEG TP

Auditory-driven oscillations: EEG Steady-state response FM 1 FM 2 Resonant frequency Picton 2003 TP

Auditory-driven oscillations: Resonant frequency Vector-average amplitude mean peak frequency

Auditory-driven oscillations: Steady-state EEG response Adults Children tone onset FM onset

Structure-function: Literacy (Woodcock-Johnson) Phonology (Nonword Reading) e. g. mafreatsun Auditory sensitivity (FM threshold) FORMANT TRANSITION “ba” “da” ƒ a. MRI f. MRI EEG TP

Grey matter density and FM threshold Left Heschl’s gyrus r=-0. 76; p<0. 01 TP

EEG Oscillations and Spelling r=-0. 44, p=0. 04

Structure-function: Empathy (Youth E. Scale) Runner test (accelerated breathing) a. MRI PMC AIP f. MRI TP

Social cognition: Non-verbal peer-peer interactions Motor resonance & Empathy Lips Eyes TP

Functional MRI: Observation of Hand actions & Facial expressions Hand actions PMC AIP Facial expressions STS TP

Functional MRI: Observation of Hand actions Dorsal Premotor -34 -44 50 Ventral Premotor -24 -9 64 55 16 8 Adults n=22 Anterior Intra Parietal t=6. 0 6. 5 6. 9

Functional MRI: Observation of Hand actions Dorsal Premotor -34 -44 50 Ventral Premotor -24 -9 64 55 16 8 Adults n=22 Anterior Intra Parietal Children n=27 t=6. 0 t=5. 7 6. 5 6. 9

Functional MRI: Observation of Hand actions Dorsal Premotor -34 -44 50 Ventral Premotor -24 -9 64 55 16 8 Adults n=22 Anterior Intra Parietal 6. 5 t=5. 7 5. 1 Children n=27 t=6. 0 6. 9

Functional MRI: Observation of Hand actions Dorsal Premotor -34 -44 50 Ventral Premotor -24 -9 64 55 16 8 Adults n=22 Anterior Intra Parietal 6. 5 6. 9 t=5. 7 5. 1 2. 8 Children n=27 t=6. 0

Functional MRI: Imitation of facial expressions Happy Angry Neutral Sad Fearful

Functional MRI: Imitation of facial expressions Children; n=27 LOFC Amygdala Anterior Insula

Teenage brain: Work in progress Brain weight Corpus callosum Broca-Wernicke pathway Visual pathway TP