Sexuality and Gender Mr. Dennis G. Relojo, MP

Sexuality and Gender Mr. Dennis G. Relojo, MP Centro Escolar University Department of Psychology

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Female Primary Sex Characteristics Vagina is the tube that leads from the outside of a female’s body to the opening of the womb. Uterus - the womb in which the baby grows during pregnancy. Ovaries- the female sexual glands. Cicaccarelli & White, 2012 Centro Escolar University 3

Male Primary Sex Characteristics Penis – male sex organ. Testes (testicles) - the male sex glands. Scrotum - external sack that holds the testes. Prostate gland - gland that secretes most of the fluid holding the male sex cells or sperm. Cicaccarelli & White, 2012 Centro Escolar University 4

Secondary sex characteristics are sexual traits that develop at puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction (Cicaccarelli & White, 2012). Centro Escolar University 5

Female Secondary Sex Characteristics Growth spurt Onset of the menstrual cycle Breast development Widening hips Pubic hair Further growth and development of the uterus, vagina, and ovaries Centro Escolar University 6

Male Secondary Sex Characteristics Enlarged larynx Deepening voice Facial and chest hair Pubic hair Coarser skin texture Large increase in height Centro Escolar University 7

Sex vs. Gender Sex and gender are not the same. Sex typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior, whereas gender refers to the sense of maleness or femaleness related to our membership in a given society (Feldman, 2005). Centro Escolar University 8

Sex is biological. Gender is psychological. Centro Escolar University 9

Gender roles are set of expectations, defined by a particular society, that indicate what is appropriate behavior for men and women. Our conclusions about and what is or is not “appropriate” for others and ourselves are based on gender roles. Feldman (2005) Centro Escolar University 10

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From the moment of birth, gender differences are defined by outside influences. Is it possible for a family to block these influences completely? Would it be desirable to do so? Centro Escolar University 13

Gender roles produce gender stereotyping, judgments about individual members on the basis of their membership in that group. Stereotypes about gender roles are reflected in sexism, negative attitudes and behavior toward a person that are based on that person’s gender. Feldman (2005) Centro Escolar University 14

Examples of sexism: Women continue to be viewed as best suited for pink-collar jobs (Crawford & Unger, 1999). Sexism in football has not diminished significantly (BBC, 2011). Sexual harassment is unwelcome sexual behaviour. In the workplace, it can often be caused by an abuse of power (myemploymentsolicitor.co.uk). Centro Escolar University 15

Gender Differences Not surprisingly, gender stereotyping combined with other factors, results in actual behavior difference between men and women. Personality Factors Cognitive Abilities Centro Escolar University 16

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Personality Factors One of the most pronounced differences between men and women lies in the degree of aggressive behavior. Also, men generally seem to have higher self-esteem than women do(Feingold, 1994). The content of men’s and women’s speech also differs, with women’s speech being more tentative and less assertive (Matlin, 1987). Centro Escolar University 18

Cognitive Abilities No general differences exist between men and women in overall IQ scores, learning, memory, problem-solving, and concept-formation tasks (Halpern, 2000). Centro Escolar University 19

Sources of Differences: Where Biology and Society Meet Centro Escolar University 20

Biological and Evolutionary Factors Androgen Estrogen Centro Escolar University 21

Social Environment Boys World Action figures Sports collectibles Toy cars Boy’s role play Girls World Barbie Doll houses Housekeeping toys Cosmetics Centro Escolar University 22

Understanding Human Sexual Response: The Facts of Life Centro Escolar University 23

Phases of Sexual Response: The Ups and Downs of Sex Centro Escolar University 24

1. Excitement phase: an arousing stimulus begins a sequence that prepares the genitals for sexual activity. Male: Erection Female: Swelling of clitoris, vagina becomes lubricated Centro Escolar University 25

2. Plateau phase is the period in which the maximum level of arousal is attained. 3. Orgasm is the peak of sexual excitement. 4. Resolution stage is when the body return to its resting state. Centro Escolar University 26

5. Refractory period: a temporary period that follow the resolution stage and during which the male cannot develop an erection again. Centro Escolar University 27

Male Sexual Response Cycle Centro Escolar University 28

Pattern A- a woman experiences excitement, a plateau, and orgasm in a manner similar to a man. Pattern B-there is a longer plateau period but no orgasm. Pattern C-the woman goes from excitement to orgasm to a quick resolution without experiencing a plateau period. Centro Escolar University 29

Female Sexual Response Cycle Centro Escolar University 30

The Diversity of Sexual Behavior Centro Escolar University 31

In the late 1930’s, Alfred Kinsey launched a series of surveys on the sexual behavior of people in the United States. Centro Escolar University 32

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Sexual Orientation Heterosexual - person attracted to the opposite sex. Homosexual - person attracted to the same sex. Bisexual - person attracted to both men and women. Transgender-encompasses transsexuals, transvestites (cross dressers), etc. Centro Escolar University 35

Sexual Difficulties: When Sex Goes Wrong Centro Escolar University 36

Rape is the act by which one person forces another person to submit to sexual activity (Feldman, 2005). Each year a half million children are sexually abused (Villarosa, 2002). Sexual transmitted infection is a medical condition acquired to sexual contact (Feldman, 2005). Centro Escolar University 37

STIs 1. Gonorrhea: The usual symptoms in men are burning with urination and penile discharge. Women, on the other hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. Centro Escolar University 38

2. Syphilis reveals itself first through a small sore at the point of sexual contact. Centro Escolar University 39

3. Genital warts are small, lumpy warts that form on or near the penis or vagina. 4. HIV/AIDS sexually transmitted viral disorder that causes deterioration of the immune system and eventually results in death due to complicating infections that the body can no longer fight. Centro Escolar University 40

Sexual Problems Erectile dysfunction is the inability of a male to achieve or maintain an erection. Premature ejaculation is the inability of a male to delay orgasm as long as he wishes. Inhibited ejaculation is the inability of a male to ejaculate when he wants to, if at all. Anorgasmia is a female’s lack of orgasm. Centro Escolar University 41

How to Protect the Spread of STIs Use condom Having only one partner Abstaining from sex Avoiding IV drug use Knowing the symptoms of the various diseases Getting regular physicals Centro Escolar University 42

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