Semey state medical university SIW Theme The adaptive

Semey state medical university SIW Theme: “The adaptive changing of kidneys functions at different anomalies of kidneys. ” Prepared by: Bakhtinova Riza student of 350 group Checked by: Usenova O. A. Semey, 2012 y.

Plan Introduction n Conclusion n Literature. n

INTRODUCTION At different anomalies of kidneys, it begins to adapt at this conditions of work due to what structural and functional normatives may change. To such anomalies of kidneys concern: Renal agenesis, Duplication anomalies, Fusion anomalies and so on. In my work I’ll try to present all this changes. Let’s go

Look through normal functions of kidneys Excretion of wastes v Acid-base homeostasis v Osmolality regulation v Blood pressure regulation v Hormone secretion n Erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make more red cells. n Renin is an enzyme that helps to control blood pressure. n Vitamin D(3) is the active form of Vit D and helps to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. v

Thus I may compare normal kidney with anomalian by next criterions: Speed of filtration Ø Ph of blood Ø Ionic balance changes Ø Anemia expression Ø Blood pressure disorders Ø Ca & phosphate metabolism disorders Ø

Renal agenesis Is a condition in which one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fetal kidneys fail to develop.

Polycystic kidney disease n Polycystic kidney disease (PKD or PCKD, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome) is a cystic genetic disorder of the kidneys. There are two types of PKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and the lesscommon autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).

Autosomal dominant n is the most common of all the hereditary cystic kidney diseases with an incidence of 1 to 2: 1, 000 live births. ADPKD is characterized by progressive cyst development and bilaterally enlarged kidneys with multiple cysts. Cyst formation begins in utero from any point along the nephron, although fewer than 5% of nephrons are thought to be involved. As the cysts accumulate fluid, they enlarge, separate entirely from the nephron, compress the neighboring renal parenchyma, and progressively compromise renal function.

Autosomal recessive n Studies show that the incidence of ARPKD is 1: 20, 000 live births and is typically identified in the first few weeks after birth. Unfortunately, resulting hypoplasia results in a 30% death rate in neonates with ARPKD. In ARPKD kidneys retain their shape but are larger than the normal anatomical range with dilated collecting ducts from the medulla to the cortex.

Duplication anomalies Duplicated ureter: n Partial - i. e. the two ureters drain into the bladder via a single common ureter. Partial, or incomplete, ureteral duplication is rarely clinically significant. n Complete - in which the two ureters drain separately. Complete ureteral duplication may result in one ureter opening normally into the bladder, and the other being ectopic, ending in the vagina, the urethra or the vulval vestibule. These cases occur when the ureteric bud arises twice (rather than splitting)

Duplex kidney a developmental condition where there is incomplete fusion of the upper and lower poles of the kidneys. This can occur unilaterally or bilaterally. Complete duplication of the kidney and collecting systems down to the bladder are more commonly seen.

Fusion anomalies n Fusion abnormalities of the kidney can be categorized into two groups: horseshoe kidney and crossed fused ectopia. The horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion anomaly. Crossed fused ectopia

Horseshoe kidney

Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes and has no function. Multicystic dysplastic kidney is the most common type of renal cystic disease, and it is one of the most common causes of an abdominal mass in infants

Renal dysplasia n The presence of malformed renal tissue elements, including primitive tubules, interstitial fibrosis, and/or the presence of cartilage in the renal parenchyma.

Renal ectopia n Renal ectopia or ectopic kidney describes a kidney that is not located in its usual position

Renal hypoplasia n Congenitally small kidneys with a reduced number of nephrons but normal architecture. Pure renal hypoplasia is a rare condition.