Semantic variation Homonyms as the limit of semantic

Semantic variation. Homonyms as the limit of semantic variation. LOGO

v Homonymy. v Homonyms (from Greek homos ‘similar’ and onoma ‘name’) are usually defined as words which have identical sounding or spelling but have nothing in common in their meanings. v www. themegallery. com Company Name

v Homonyms can be of 3 kinds: v 1. Homonyms proper (абсолютные омонимы-the sound and the spelling are identical) v 2. Homophones (the same sound form but different spelling and meaning) v 3. Homographs (the same spelling but different in sound and in meaning) v Ex. : v 1. bat – bat - flying animal (летучая мышь) - cricket bat (бита) v 2. Flower(цветок) – flour(мука) sole(подошва; ступня) – soul (душа) rain(дождь) – reign(власть) v 3. tear [iə] (слеза) – tear [εə] (рвать) lead [i: ] (лидерство) – lead [e] (свинец) www. themegallery. com Company Name

v Homonyms appear as a result of: v 1. The phonetic convergence of 2 words of different pronunciation & meaning. v Ex. : race → a) people derives from Old Norwegian “ras” b) running, from French “race” v 2. The semantic divergence or loss of semantic bond between 2 words polysemantically related before. v Ex. : pupil→ a) scholar (ученый) b) apple of an eye (зрачок) www. themegallery. com Company Name

v To distinguish between polysemy & homonymy 3 factors should be taken into account: v 1. The semantic proximity of them v 2. The derivation capacity v 3. The range of collocation v v 1. The semantic proximity. The 1 st way to establish polysemy or homonymy is to look for a central core meaning. v Ex. : sour – кислый - disagreeable (неприятный) juicy – сочный - scandalous (позорный; скандальный; ужасный) The media were delighted to have a juicy news story. Board – a piece of wool - a company or council (комиссия) - meals (пансион) www. themegallery. com Company Name

v Whether it is a case of polysemy or homonymy? v Set up – to establish (basic meaning) It has a number of nominative-derivative meanings. a) the nominative meaning - to arrange (расставлять) We need to set up emergency procedures to deal with this problem. - to equip (оборудовать; оснащать) The next band was already setting up on the other stage. - to build (строить) The army has set up roads round the city. They are related to the core meaning. b) the derivative meaning - to cause, to begin The reactor car set up(вызвать) a chain reaction(цепная реакция). - to make smb seem guilty, to deceive(обманывать) smb We sent our money but it turned out(оказаться) that the company didn’t exist and we were just set up(подставить). - to make smb healthy, full of energy Full breakfast will set you up(придаст сил) for the day. Nominative meanings are more isolated & may give rise to homonyms. www. themegallery. com Company Name

v 2. Derivation capacity Potential homonyms typically develop their own sets of derivatives. Ex. : custom – 1. обычай, 2. клиентура 1. Custom (обычай) – customary (обычный) It is customary for the most important person to sit at the end of the table. 2. We don’t want to lose our customers. v “custom” 1, 2 are potential homonyms because they have different derivatives. www. themegallery. com Company Name

v 3. The range of collacation. The word’s collacation is the functioning of the word in speech and the company it keeps with other items. Potential homonyms have quite different range of phraseology. v Ex. : charge 1. price v free of charge (бесплатно, даром) of no extra charge (без дополнительных расходов) 2. (when smb is guilty) v to bring charges (выдвигать обвинения) to press charges (выдвигать обвинения против кого-либо) “charge” 1, 2 are potential homonyms. v v http: //article. ranez. ru/id/376 www. themegallery. com Company Name