Section 2 The Hebrews The Hebrews

Section 2 The Hebrews

The Hebrews • Hebrews are Israelites • Greatest influence on the world….

Judaism

Early Hebrews • Nomadic (wandering herders or traveling merchants) • Lived in Ur (were artisans and merchants)

• Went to Haran – city near Turkish mountains – to trade • Traveled Mediterranean coast to trade with Egyptian, Phoenician, and Cretan merchants

The God of Abraham • Story of Hebrews comes from the Bible • Yahweh (God) made an agreement (covenant) with Abraham

• Genesis 12: 1 (NIV) • Leave Ur and travel to Canaan

The Lord had said to Abram, “Leave your country, your people and your father’s household and go to a land I will show you. ”

Abraham’s Journey to Heran

Canaan • Canaan was promised to Abraham and his descendants (offspring) • Genesis 12: 2

“I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. ”

Ancient Israel is the birthplace of the 3 great monotheistic religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Abraham • “Father of many Nations” • Christians and Muslims also believe that Abraham is the Founder of their religions

Timeline Birth of Abram (Abraham) in Ur Marries Sarai Goes to Egypt (famine) 1743 B. C. 1813 B. C. Abram leaves Ur (75 yrs. old)

Timeline Abram marries Hagar (Sarai’s maidservant) Birth of Ishmael (Hagar’s son)

Timeline Angels tell Abraham that Sarah will have a child God commands Abraham to sacrifice his son 1713 B. C. Isaac is born; Sarah sends Hagar & Ishmael away

Timeline Death of Sarah (127 yrs. old) Birth of Jacob and Esau 1638 B. C. 1677 B. C. 1653 B. C. Abraham dies Isaac marries Rebecca; Abraham marries Keturah (6 sons)

Timeline Isaac blesses Jacob 1562 B. C. 1590 B. C. Joseph is born

Abraham Isaac Jacob (called Israel) 12 sons (including Joseph) Each son led a separate family group – became the 12 Hebrew tribes

Hebrews remained in Canaan about 100 years.

Timeline Joseph Born Isaac dies; Joseph becomes Egypt’s viceroy 1546 B. C. 1562 B. C. 1523 B. C. 1533 -1534 B. C. Jacob and family move to Egypt Joseph sold into slavery

Life of Joseph • Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers; sent to Egypt • He became very important in Egypt • Drought struck Canaan • Jacob sent sons to buy food in Egypt • Egypt (“Breadbasket of the Mediterranean”)

• Sons did not recognize Joseph • Joseph eventually forgave brothers and sent for rest of family • Hebrews now lived in Egypt

Hebrews in Egypt • Eventually enslaved by Pharaoh • 600 years in Egypt

Jacob dies Timeline Egypt begins enslaving the Hebrews 1452 B. C. 1523 B. C. Jacob dies 1429 B. C.

The Story of Moses

Enslavement of Hebrews (Israelites)

The Plagues

1. Water to Blood 7: 19 And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood, and in vessels of stone.

2. Frogs 8: 2 And if thou refuse to let them go, behold, I will smite all thy borders with frogs:

3. Gnats or Lice 8: 16 And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.

4. Flies 8: 21 Else, if thou wilt not let my people go, behold, I will send swarms of flies upon thee, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people, and into thy houses: and the houses of the Egyptians shall be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground whereon they are.

5. Livestock Diseased 9: 3 Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.

6. Boils 9: 8 And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh.

7. Thunder and Hail 9: 18 Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.

8. Locusts 10: 4 Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast:

9. Darkness 10: 21 And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.

10. Death of the Firstborn 11: 4 And Moses said, Thus saith the LORD, About midnight will I go out into the midst of Egypt:

Timeline Moses born Joshua Born The Exodus 1314 B. C. 1393 B. C. 1313 B. C. Moses encounters the burning bush

The Exodus • Moses came to end Hebrew enslavement • The escape of the Israelites from captivity in Egypt

• After the Pharaoh agreed to free the Hebrews, they escaped into the Sinai Desert • At Mt. Sinai, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God • God made a covenant (agreement) with the Hebrew people

• Hebrews were to remain faithful to God and obey certain laws and God would lead them back to Canaan – “The Promised Land” • Hebrews were expected to give everyone the right to be treated fairly (social justice)

• Moses led Hebrews through wilderness for 40 years • Moses died before the Hebrews reached Canaan.

Timeline Moses receives the Ten Commandments Wilderness – 40 years The Exodus 1272 B. C. 1312 B. C. 1313 B. C. Moses dies; Joshua leads Hebrews into Canaan

“The Promise Land”

“The Promised Land” • Canaan • Joshua became leader and brought the Hebrews into the “Promised Land” • By 1200 B. C. , the Israelites controlled Canaan

Hebrews in the “Promised Land” • Borrowed ideas from the Canaanites: tools and alphabet • Lived one room houses, made of mud-bricks or stone plaster with mud, thatched roof

Who will lead the people? • After Joshua died, the 12 Tribes will split • Each tribe will be led by a council of elders • Judges settled disputes and led in times of crisis (1244 -879 B. C.

Do they need a king?

Kings • Kings ruled for the next 100 years • Saul became the first king

Saul • Lost support of his people • Died in battle

King David • Reunited the Hebrews • Defeated the Canaanites • Established Jerusalem as the capital in 1000 B. C. • Wrote many psalms (songs and poems) in the Bible

King Solomon • Brought peace to the kingdom • Build the temple in Jerusalem • Many Hebrews were unhappy with Solomon because of working on building projects and high taxes

Solomon eventually dies!

After Solomon’s Death… The Hebrew kingdom split into two kingdoms 10 tribes split to the north to form Israel 2 tribes (Benjamin & Judah) formed Judah to the south • Fought for 200 years • Became weak for conquerors

Timeline Judges Rule David becomes king 879 B. C. 1244 -879 B. C. 877 B. C. 836 B. C. Solomon becomes king Saul becomes king

Timeline Temple Built 796 B. C. 832 -825 B. C. Kingdoms Split

Prophets • Persons claiming to have a message from God • Reminded the Hebrews of their responsibilities and duties to God and one another

Prophets also… • warned Yahweh would punish them if they didn’t return to His ways • were teachers, farmers, shepherds

What happened to the Israelites? Prophets foretold they would be conquered!

Assyrian Rule • 722 B. C. • Assyrians conquered Israel • Cruel • did not invade Judah to south

Babylonian Rule • 586 B. C. • Judeans were forced to move to Babylonia (exiled) • Destroyed the temple

Timeline Assyria Rules Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon conquers Judea 586 B. C. 722 B. C. 510 B. C. Babylonia Rules 492 B. C. Temple in Jerusalem is destroyed

The Sabbath • Because they had no temple, they held meeting on Sabbath • “Day of Rest”

The Torah • put laws , sayings, teachings, stories of the past on scrolls • Ezra, a scribe, wrote down the Laws of Moses in the Torah (first five books of the Old Testament)

Timeline Persians Rule Alexander / Greeks Rule 516 B. C. 539 B. C. A. D. 70 332 B. C. 2 nd Temple destroyed by Romans (Titus) 2 nd Temple Built

Persian Rule • 539 B. C. • mild rulers • allowed Jews to return to their homeland • allowed Jews to rebuild the temple

Roman Rule • Date • Temple was destroyed in A. D. 70 and never rebuilt

Major Contributions • Judaism – first religion to worship one God • God is just and all people should be treated fairly • Influenced Christianity and Islam

Why is there so much controversy in Israel? Especially Jerusalem?

Timeline Alexander Dies Rule of the Syrian Seleucids (169 B. C. – Judaism is outlawed) 320 -198 B. C. 166 -135 B. C. 198 -167 B. C. Maccabean Revolt & Ruled by Egyptian 322 B. C. Ptolemies

Pompey captures Jerusalem (Roman) Timeline Jesus is Born 40 -4 B. C. 63 B. C. Rome appoints King Herod 6 -3 B. C. 26 B. C. – A. D. 36 Pontius Pilate, Roman procurator of Judea

Timeline Jesus Crucified Temple Destroyed A. D. 66 -73 A. D. 31 ish A. D. 70 Jews revolt against Rome: The Great Revolt A. D. 73 Fall of Masada

Timeline Bar Kochba's war of freedom Jerusalem again the Jewish Capital Queen Helena - Church of the A. D. 135 A. D. 132135 Holy Sepulchre A. D. 326 Hadrian (Rome): Expels the Jews from Jerusalem A. D. 438 Jews allowed to return to Jerusalem

Timeline Persian conquest of Jerusalem — They destroy most churches and expel Jews Muhammad born A. D. 629 A. D. 614 A. D. 579 Jerusalem recaptured by Byzantines A. D. 610 Muhammad’s vision

Timeline Muhammad dies Dome of the Rock completed by Caliph Abd al-Malik A. D. 638 A. D. 632 A. D. 691 Caliph Omar enters Jerusalem and Jews are readmitted to Jerusalem A. D. 701 The construction of the al-Aqsa mosque completed by Caliph al -Walid

Caliph al-Hakim orders destruction of synagogues and churches Timeline Kurdish general Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders (Jews and Muslims return) A. D. 1099 A. D. 1010 A. D. 1187 Crusaders, led by Godfrey de Bouillon A. D. 1192 Richard the Lion Heart attempts to re-capture Jerusalem but fails. Treaty with Saladin permitting Christians to worship at their Holy sites

Jerusalem • Holy city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims • Political and religious struggle • Controlled by Israel (1967)

Holy to Jews • Within “Promised Land” • Site of Solomon’s Temple (destroyed by Babylonians and Romans)

Holy to Muslims • Site of Solomon’s Temple • Grey rock – holiest place in Jerusalem • Believed Muhammad ascended from rock into paradise on a ladder of light

Holy to Christians • Site of Solomon’s Temple • Church of Holy Sepulchre (site where Jesus was crucified and location of tomb)

The Garden Tomb The Talpiot Tomb