Section 1 The Nixon Administration NEXT Confronting

Section 1 The Nixon Administration NEXT

Confronting a Stagnant Economy The Causes of Stagflation • Stagflation—combination of high inflation, high unemployment • Inflation result of LBJ’s deficit spending on war, social programs • Unemployment from more international trade, new workers • Rising oil prices, U. S. dependence on foreign oil add to inflation • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) controls prices Nixon Battles Stagflation • Nixon tries different strategies; none have much success NEXT

Détente: Nixon’s Foreign Policy Triumphs Kissinger and Realpolitik • Henry Kissinger—national security adviser, later secretary of state • Realpolitik—foreign policy based on power issues, not ideals, morals • Realpolitik calls for U. S. to confront powerful nations, ignore weak • Nixon, Kissinger follow policy of détente—easing Cold War tensions NEXT

Nixon Visits China • 1971, Nixon’s visit to China a huge success; U. S. , China agree to: • - cooperate over disputes, have scientific, cultural exchange • Takes advantage of rift between China, Soviet Union Nixon Travels to Moscow • 1972, Nixon visits Moscow; he, Brezhnev sign SALT I Treaty: - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks limit missiles to 1972 levels • Foreign policy triumphs, expected Vietnam peace help win reelection NEXT

Watergate: Nixon's Downfall President Richard Nixon’s involvement in the Watergate scandal forces him to resign from office. NEXT

SECTION 2 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall President Nixon and His White House An Imperial Presidency • Depression, WW II, Cold War make executive most powerful branch • Nixon expands presidential powers, ignores Congress The President’s Men • Nixon has small, loyal group of advisers; like him, desire secrecy - H. R. Haldeman, White House chief of staff - John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser - John Mitchell, Nixon’s former attorney general NEXT

The Drive Toward Reelection A Bungled Burglary • Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP) break into Democratic headquarters • Watergate scandal is administration’s attempt to cover up break-in - destroy documents, try to stop investigation, buy burglars’ silence • Washington Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein link administration to break-in • White House denies allegations; little public interest in charges • Nixon reelected by landslide over liberal Democrat George Mc. Govern NEXT

The Cover-Up Unravels The Senate Investigates Watergate Image • Judge John Sirica presides burglars’ trial, thinks did not act alone • Burglar leader James Mc. Cord says lied under oath, advisers involved • Nixon dismisses White House counsel John Dean; others resign • Senator Samuel J. Ervin heads investigative committee Startling Testimony • Dean declares Nixon involved in cover-up • Alexander Butterfield says Nixon tapes presidential conversations Continued. . . NEXT

The Saturday Night Massacre • Special prosecutor Archibald Cox subpoenas tapes; Nixon refuses • Nixon orders Cox fired, attorney general Elliot Richardson refuses • Saturday Night Massacre: Richardson resigns; deputy refuses, fired • Cox’s replacement, Leon Jaworski, also calls for tapes • Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns, revealed he accepted bribes • Nixon nominates, Congress confirms Gerald R. Ford as vicepresident NEXT

The Fall of a President Nixon Releases the Tapes • March 1974, grand jury indicts 7 presidential aides - charges: conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury • Nixon tells TV audience he is releasing edited transcripts • July, Supreme Court rules unanimously Nixon must surrender tapes Continued. . . NEXT

continued The Fall of a President The President Resigns • House Judiciary Committee approves 3 articles of impeachment - formal accusation of wrongdoing while in office - charges: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Congress • Nixon releases tapes; show knows of administration role, cover up • Before full House votes on impeachment, Nixon resigns The Effects of Watergate Image Chart • 25 members of administration convicted, serve prison terms • Loss of faith in US government NEXT

Nixon Resigns, August 9, 1974

The Ford and Carter Years Ford Travels a Rough Road “A Ford, Not a Lincoln” • September 1974, new president Gerald R. Ford pardons Nixon • Tries to move country past Watergate; loses much public support Ford Tries to “Whip” Inflation • Unsuccessfully asks public to cut back use of oil, gas, save energy • Cuts government spending; urges higher interest to restrict credit • “Tight money” policy triggers recession • Continually battles Democratic Congress with own economic agenda% NEXT

Carter Enters the White House Mr. Carter Goes to Washington • Jimmy Carter promises to restore integrity to presidency - defeats Ford by narrow margin • Has down-to-earth style; holds “fireside chats” on radio, TV • Does not make deals with Congress; relies on Georgia advisers • Both parties in Congress join to sink Carter budgets, major reforms

Carter’s Domestic Agenda Confronting the Energy Crisis • Carter offers energy proposals; oil-, gas-producing states, auto makers resist • National Energy Act—encourages conservation, U. S. energy sources • National Energy Act, conservation cut foreign oil dependence Image The Economic Crisis Worsens • Violence in Middle East creates fuel shortage; OPEC raises prices • Carter tries various methods, none work; gives “malaise” speech • 1980 inflation 14%, standard of living drops; people lose confidence Continued. . . NEXT

Where do these terms come from? • Birth control, Ho Chi Minh, Richard Nixon back again Moonshot, Woodstock, Watergate, punk rock Begin, Reagan, Palestine, Terror on the airline Ayatollah's in Iran, Russians in Afghanistan

continued Carter’s Domestic Agenda A Changing Economy • From 1950 s automation, foreign competition reduce manufacturing jobs • Service sector expands, higher paying jobs require education, skills NEXT

A Human Rights Foreign Policy Advancing Human Rights • Carter’s foreign policy promotes human rights—basic freedoms • Cuts off aid to some, not all, allies that mistreat own citizens Yielding the Panama Canal • Panamanians resent having country split in two by foreign power • 1977 treaty gives control of canal to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999 • Agreements improve relations between U. S. , Latin America

The Collapse of Détente • • Carter’s insistence on human rights strains relations with U. S. S. R. SALT II talks delayed; Carter, Brezhnev finally sign June 1979 SALT II meets sharp opposition in Senate December, Soviets invade Afghanistan; Carter lets SALT II die

Triumph and Crisis in the Middle East The Camp David Accords • 1978 Carter hosts talks between Anwar el. Sadat, Menachem Begin • Camp David Accords forge peace between Israel, Egypt: - Israel withdraws from Sinai Peninsula - Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist

The Iran Hostage Crisis • Ayatollah Khomeini leads overthrow of shah - establishes Islamic state • Carter supports shah; allows him entry to U. S. for cancer treatment • Students seize U. S. embassy, take 52 hostages; demand shah back • Carter refuses; standoff ensues; intense secret negotiations follow • Captives released Jan. 1981, shortly after Ronald Reagan sworn in

Happy Death to America Day!!! (November 4) US is the Great Satan

"The idea that religion and politics don't mix was invented by the Devil to keep Christians from running their own country. " The Conservative Coalition • Business, religious, other groups form conservative coalition • Conservative periodicals, think tanks discuss, develop policies • Goals are small government, family values, patriotism, business The Moral Majority • 1970 s religious revival uses TV, radio; strong among fundamentalists • Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority—Christians for traditional morals NEXT

SECTION 2 Conservative Policies Under Reagan and Bush “Reaganomics” Takes Over Reagan’s Economic Policies • Reagan encourages private investment by cutting federal government • Reaganomics: budget cuts, tax cuts, increased defense spending Budget Cuts • Maintains entitlement programs that benefit middle class • Cuts programs that benefit poor, urban population Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 2 Tax Cuts • Supply-side economics holds that lower taxes result in: - investment, greater productivity, more supply, lower prices • Congress decreases taxes by 25% over 3 years Increased Defense Spending • Defense Dept. budget almost doubles; offsets cuts in social programs • Reagan asks scientists for Strategic Defense Initiative - anti-missile defense system - supposed to be able to shoot nuclear missiles out of the sky from space with lasers - is it possible? - press dubs it "Star Wars" -A lot of money spent, was it practical or did it help win the Cold War NEXT

Recession and Recovery • July 1981–Nov. 1982, worst recession since Great Depression • Early 1983 consumer spending fuels economic upturn: - more consumer confidence, decrease in inflation, unemployment • 1987, market crashes, then recovers, continues up The National Debt Climbs • Spending outstrips revenues; new 1982 taxes do not balance budget • National debt almost doubles by end of Reagan’s first term, triples by the end of the presidency NEXT

Social Concerns in the 1980 s Health, Education, and Cities in Crisis Health Issues • AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) caused by virus - destroys immune system, makes body prone to infections, cancer • 1980 s, epidemic grows; increasing concern over prevention, cure Abortion • 1980 s, battle over abortion intensifies - opponents are pro-life; supporters are pro-choice • 1989, Supreme Court rules states may place restrictions on abortion NEXT

Foreign Policy NEXT

SECTION 4 Central American and Caribbean Policy Nicaragua • Sandinistas—rebel group, takes over Nicaragua; Carter sends them aid • Reagan calls them communists; helps Contras—opposition forces • 1990, Contra supporter Violeta de Chamorro elected president • Congress through the Boland Amendment disallows Reagan to help the Contras Grenada • 1983 Reagan sends troops; pro. Cuba government replaced with pro-U. S. NEXT

SECTION 4 Middle East Trouble Spots The Iran-Contra Scandal • 1983, terrorists loyal to Iran take Americans hostage in Lebanon • Reagan says no negotiating with terrorists; sells arms for hostages • Staff divert some profits to Contras; violate Boland Amendment • 1987, Congressional committees hold joint TV hearings • 1988, several staffers indicted; 1992, Bush pardons Reagan officials Image Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 Foreign Policy After the Cold War The Cold War Ends Gorbachev Initiates Reform • Mikhail Gorbachev—general secretary of Soviet Communist Party • Soviet economy stressed; Reagan’s defense spending adds pressure • Gorbachev adopts glasnost—allows criticism, some freedom of press • Plans perestroika—some private enterprise, move to democracy • Wants better relations with U. S. to cut U. S. S. R. military spending - arms-control INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty) Continued. . . NEXT

“Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall!”

SECTION 4 continued The Cold War Ends The Soviet Union Declines • 1991, 14 republics declare independence; Gorbachev forced to resign • Commonwealth of Independent States forms; 1993 START II signed The Collapse of Communist Regimes • Gorbachev reduces Soviet control of Eastern Europe, urges democracy • 1989, Berlin Wall torn down; 1990, 2 Germanys reunited • Czechoslovakia, Baltic states, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania democratic • Ethnic civil war breaks out in Yugoslavia Map Continued. . . NEXT

SECTION 4 continued The Cold War Ends Tank Man: 1980 s, China loosens business restrictions, stops price controls Who is he? Students demand free speech, voice in government 1989, demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, other cities Is he alive? Communism Continues in China • • Premier Li Peng orders military to crush protesters - unarmed students killed (200 to 1500 best guesses) NEXT

George Herbert Walker Bush (1989 1993) Foreign Policy • 1. Invaded Panama to depose dictator and drug kingpin Manuel Noriega. • 2. Conducted Operation Desert Storm to oppose Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Liberates Kuwait, but does not remove Saddam Hussein. • 3. Cold War ends- Berlin Wall falls, Soviet Union implodes, Huge Success, yet not re-elected because of a poor economy, Clinton quote was, “It’s the economy stupid. ”

Section 1 The 1990 s and the New Millennium The Democrats gain control of the White House by moving their party’s platform toward the political center. NEXT

The 1990 s and the New Millennium Clinton Wins the Presidency The Election of 1992 • Pres. Bush cannot convince public he can end recession, create jobs • Third-party candidate H. Ross Perot: deficit is biggest problem • Gov. William Jefferson Clinton of AR first baby-boomer president Perot Clinton Bush A “New” Democrat • Clinton moves from traditional Democratic positions toward center • - wants to create “new, ” more inclusive party • DADT- Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Gays in the military NEXT

Moderate Reform and Economic Boom Health Care Reform • Clinton pledges affordable health care, especially for uninsured • First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton heads team creating plan • 1993, President presents health care reform bill to Congress - bill controversial, does not get voted on Continued. . . NEXT

Balanced Budget and an Economic Boom • Clinton, Republican Congress agree on legislation to balance budget • Federal budget has surplus; used to pay off national debt • Economy booms: unemployment drops, stocks soar, tax revenues rise • http: //brillig. com/debt_cl ock/ Reforming Welfare • 1996, states get block grants for welfare, other social programs - limits placed on how long people can receive welfare benefits • Millions of people successfully move from welfare to work NEXT

Crime and Terrorism Americans Are Shocked by Violent Events • 1999, 2 Columbine students kill 13, wound 23; copycat crimes follow • 1993, terrorists bomb World Trade Center in NYC • 1995, federal office building in Oklahoma City bombed, 168 dead • 1990 s, U. S. embassies, military targets abroad subject to attacks • Lay the ground work for 911? NEXT

Trade and the Global Economy • Clinton wants North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): - free-trade for Canada, Mexico, U. S; critics fear lose jobs to Mexico • 1999, demonstrators protest World Trade Organization Seattle meeting • Anti-globalization protests held worldwide • Police, demonstrators clash at 2001 Summit of the Americas, Quebec - plans made for Free Trade Area of the Americas by 2006 NEXT

Partisan Politics and Impeachment Republicans Take Control of Congress • Newt Gingrich turns unhappiness with Clinton into Republican support • Contract with America— items Republicans will pass if get elected • 1994, Republicans win both houses; Gingrich elected Speaker • Clinton, republicans clash over budget, refuse to compromise • Federal government shut down for several weeks, winter 1995– 1996 NEXT

The 1996 Election • Budget standoff, strong economy, welfare reform help reelect Clinton • Gets 49% popular vote; defeats Senator Bob Dole, H. Ross Perot Clinton Impeached • Lied under oath about improper relationship with Monica Lewinsky • House approves impeachment articles: perjury, obstruction of justice • Trial January 1999; Senate acquits president NEXT

The Race for the White House Election Night Confusion • Democrats nominate Vice President Al Gore • Republicans choose Texas governor George W. Bush • Ralph Nader, Green Party, promote environment, liberal causes • Close race: Florida electoral votes needed to win presidency • As votes counted, lead shifts repeatedly between Gore, Bush • Bush wins by narrow margin, triggers automatic recount NEXT

Dispute Rages in Florida • Recount gives Bush narrow win • Alleged voting irregularities in several counties - Gore campaign requests manual recount in 4 Democratic counties “Hanging Chad” The Battle Moves to the Courts • Republicans sue to stop manual recounts; court battles begin • Supreme Court votes to stop recounts: lack uniform standards • Bush gets electoral votes from Florida, wins presidency NEXT

Societal Trends- Demographics • US population shifts more to the South after WWII, called the Sunbelt • American economy has seen the decline of manufacturing jobs and the rise of service sector jobs (secretary, bank tellers, Wal-Mart, Mc. Donalds, waitresses) toward the end of the 20 th century poorer quality of Jobs, greater gap between the rich and poor results • Upsurge of immigrants from Latin America, America is becoming more diverse • “Graying of America, ” the average of America is getting older b/c of better health care and the maturing of the baby boomers demographic, Debates about Social Security reform • Demographic changes intensified debates about gender roles, family structures, and racial and national identity: • Conservative Revolution- Led by Ronald Reagan in the 1980’s that opposed big government and the New Deal liberalism. Championed conservative family values and lower taxes. Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority established. • Supreme Court- Bakke v. California Board of Regents, Affirmative Action is constitutional, a white University of California law student had higher test scores than minority applicants, yet was not admitted to the school.

• Computers have revolutionized the world and allowed information to move at the speed of light • Globalization- the world is becoming smaller and the culture is becoming more homogenized, like the US, a “Mc. World” • Global Warming • Terrorism, 9 -11 • Multilateralism, the US acts with the rest of world in foreign policy like the 1991 Gulf War, or Unilateralism where the US invaded Iraq on its own recently