SECONDARY WAYS OF WORD-BUILDING Seminar 4
SECONDARY WAYS OF WORD-BUILDING • • I. Shortening II. Blending III. Onomatopoeia – sound-imitation IV. Back-formation (reversion, disaffixation) • V. Sound interchange (gradation) • VI. Distinctive stress (distinctive change)
Shortening Shortenings (or contracted or curtailed words) can be divided into two large groups: lexical and spelling shortenings.
Clipped words (part of the word is clipped, cut off) 1. Aphaeresis: history – story, telephone – phone, omnibus - bus, motor-car – car, defence – fence, example – sample. 2. Syncope : market – mart, mathematics – maths, spectacles – specs. 3. Apocope: permanent wave – perm, zoological garden – zoo, examination – exam, graduate – grad, advertisement – ad, champion – champ, photograph – photo, laboratory – lab, public house – pub, gymnastics – gym. 4. combination of aphaeresis and apocope: influenza – flu, refrigerator – fridge, avant-guard – van, vanguard, professor – fess.
Initial shortenings a) alphabetical pronunciation TUC ___________ BBC ___________ RAF ___________ SOS ___________ MP ___________ P. M. ___________
b) acronyms NATO, UNESCO (United Nations Economic Scientific and Cultural Organisation), AIDS Initial shortenings b) acronyms NATO _________________________ UNESCO _____________ AIDS _____________
Spelling shortenings 1) Latin: • a. m. (ante meridian) ___________ • p. m. (post meridian) ___________ • cf. (confere) ___________ • i. e. (id est) ___________ • e. g. (example gratia) ___________ • ff. (felice) ___________ • L (libra) ___________ • s. (solidis) ___________ 2) Native spelling shortenings • a) forms of address: Mr, Mrs, Ms • b) units of weight, time, distance, electricity: min, sec. , in, m, p, ft, v, cm • c) military ranks, scientific degrees: capt. , c-in-c, BSc, BA, MA, MSc, Ph. D • d) names of offices: Govt. , Dept.
When a shortened word appears in the language the full form may 1) disappear: avanguarde – vanguard, van; mobile vulgus – mob, fanaticus – fan 2) remain, but have different meaning: courtesy – curtsy; to espy – to spy 3) remain but belong to another part of speech: to estrange – strange 4) remain and belong to some other style: doc – doctor, prof – professor.
cinema – cinematograph bus – omnibus taxi – taximotor cab – cabriolet
Blendings are words that are created from parts of two already existing items, usually the first part from one and the final part of the other: branch ______+______ smog ______+______ spam ______+______ chunnel ______+______ motel ______+______ bit ______+______ workaholic, medicare, Eurotunnel, slanguage, guesstimate.
Onomatopoeia – sound-imitation Formation of words from sounds that resemble those associated by the object or action to be named, or that seem suggestive of its qualities: cock-a-doodle-do quack (duck) croak (frog) mew, meow moo, low crow, cuckoo, humming-bird, whip-poor-will, cricket.
Back-formation (reversion, disaffixation) process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix from another word in a language: enthuse donate orientate self-destruct to lase _________ to liposuct _________
Sound interchange (gradation) formation of a word due to an alteration in the phonemic composition of it root: speak - speech blood – bleed food – feed strong – strength advice – advise life – live
Distinctive stress (distinctive change) formation of a word by the means of the shift of the stress in the source word: increase (n) – increase (v) absent (adj) – absent (v)
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