Science as a process o Hypothesis o Theory

Science as a process o Hypothesis o Theory o Measurement n Meter n Liter n gram

o Microscope diaphragm o Characteristics of life o Homeostasis

Cells o o o o Nucleus Plasma membrane Ribosome Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Vesicle

Biomolecules o o o Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic acids Water (a polar molecule) n Solvent dissolves a solute

Enzymes o Lock and Key hypothesis

Energy in Cells o Photosynthesis (in chloroplasts) n Stores energy, makes sugar o Cell respiration (in mitochondria) n Releases energy, stores energy in ATP

Domains o Archaea o Bacteria o Eukarya

Diffusion and Osmosis o Active transport o Diffusion; Facilitated diffusion o Osmosis n Hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic

Mitosis and Meiosis o 2 N means 2 members of each chromosome pair (diploid) o 2 N -- 2 N mitosis o 1 N means 1 member of each chromosome pair (haploid gametes) o 2 N --- 1 N meiosis

Mendel o Discovered Dominance & Recessiveness o Principle of Segregation (pairs of genes always separate during meiosis) o Principle of Independent Assortment o Aa. Bb - AB, Ab, a. B, ab

Mendel o Genotype o Phenotype

Genetics o Monohybrid cross means Aa x Aa (ordinary Punnett square) o Sperm can have A or a o Dihybrid cross means Aa. Bb x Aa. Bb o Sperm can have o AB, Ab, a. B or ab

Multiple Alleles o ABO blood type

Sex-linked o Gene found on “X” chromosome

Mutations o Caused by energy and chemicals CHROMOSOME mutations nondisjunction translocation deletion GENE mutations (point mutations) deletion insertion substitution

Gene therapy o Replacing genes in a cell with new, healthy DNA o DNA Fingerprinting o GMO: Genetically modified organism

DNA o Deoxyribonucleic acid o. A+T G+C o Replication o Transcription o Translation

RNA o Messenger RNA: o genetic code goes to ribosome, tells which amino acid to grab o Transfer RNA: o Carries amino acids to the ribosome

Growth Rate

Growth Rate o Lilliput: 120, 433, 000 people o Death per 1000 = 9 o Birth per 1000 = 23 Growth per 1000 = 14/1000 Growth per 100 = 1. 4/100 = 1. 4%

Growth Rate o Lilliput: 120, 433, 000 people o Growth rate = 1. 4% o Multiply 120, 433, 000 o X 0. 014 o Added in one year = 1, 686, 062

Growth Rate o Lilliput: 120, 433, 000 people o Added in one year = 1, 686, 062 o Total population next year: o 122, 119, 062

Growth measurements 10 quadrat samples measured: Total number of poison ivy plants: 330/10 quadrats = 330/2. 5 square meters = 132/sq. meter

Growth measurements 132 plants/sq. meter X 10, 000 sq meters

1, 320, 000 plants in one hectare X 19 hectares= 250, 800, 000 plants in 19 hectare forest

Biotic o Living things: o Animals, plants, bacteria, fungi o (and their cells)

Abiotic o Non-living things: o Water, rocks, sand, air o Energy, sunlight

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biomes o o o Desert Taiga Tundra Tropical Rain Forest Temperate Forest

SYMBIOSIS o Mutualism o Parasitism o Commensalism

Food Pyramid o Producers are ALWAYS on the bottom, Consumers on top. o Producers ALWAYS have the most mass in any environment

Trophic Levels o o Producers (autotrophs) Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers

Food Web

Marine Food Web

Biological Magnification

Water cycle

Carbon cycle

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen cycle o Bacteria grab nitrogen from the air and convert it into nitrate. (Nitrogen fixation) o Plants use nitrate to make protein.

Phosphorus cycle

Biodiversity o The number of species living in an area. o Biodiversity can change over time in a predictable way, called succession

Succession o After a forest fire, volcanic eruption, new species move in. o “Pioneer species” (lichens) move in first. o PRIMARY succession= on bare rock o SECONDARY succession= on soil

Lichen

Lichen

Lichen

Secondary Succession

Secondary Succession

Secondary Succession

Secondary Succession

Climate Change: Carbon Cycle

Acid Rain

Ozone depletion

Habitat fragmentation

Overfishing

Invasive species

Invasive species

Cryptic coloration

Disruptive coloration

Mimicry

Mimicry

Mimicry

Innate behavior o Reflexes o Instincts o (not learned)

Biological Key of paired statements used to identify organisms.

Linneaus o Genus & species names o Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and species

Virus reproduce o A virus is made of only DNA and protein o Protein sticks to a cell, DNA enters the cell. o DNA tells the cell to make new viruses o Cell lyses (bursts)

Bacteria o Decomposers o PROKARYOTIC o Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

FUNGI o Decomposer o Eukaryotic o Cell wall made of chitin

PLANT o Eukaryotic o Multicellular autotroph o Cell walls made of cellulose

Plants o o o Photosynthesis in leaf and stem Transpiration (water loss) Phototropism Gravitropism Thigmotropism

Plants o o Can be vascular or nonvascular Reproduce with spore or seed Seeds in cone or flower Flowers monocot or dicot

Animals o Multicellular heterotroph o NO cell walls

Exponential growth o o o o o 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512

Evolution Change in allele frequency in a population

Lamarck: WRONG! o o Animals face a need to change Animal changes Passes change to offspring “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”

Hardy-Weinberg o o o Five ways populations can change: Migration (gene flow) Mutation/meiosis/crossing over Mate selection (non-random) Natural selection Genetic drift

Genetic equilibrium o NO change in allele frequency over time.

Types of Natural selection o Stabilizing Selection

Types of Natural selection o Directional Selection

Types of Natural selection o Disruptive (Divergent) Selection

How do new species form? o Step 1: Variation exists in a population o Step 2: Part of the population is ISOLATED o Step 3: The two groups do not likely have the same mutations over time o Step 4: Put the two groups together and they can no longer interbreed.

Define species o A group of critters that look alike and can interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring.

Methods of Reproductive Isolation o Geographic (Allopatric) o Behavioral (Sympatric)

Adaptive Radiation o LOTS of new species forming if lots of isolating environments are found.

Homologous structures o Similar structures indicate genetic relationships

Coevolution o Evolution of two species that live together

Convergent Evolution o Unrelated organisms look alike. Why? o Example: Shark and Dolphin

Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium o Sometimes evolution seems to proceed slowly (gradualism) o Sometimes evolution proceeds in fast jumps (punctuated equilibrium)

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance o How do bacteria become resistant to penicillin?

Mitochondria and Bacteria o Mutualism o Make ATP