scandinavian borrowings
scandinavian conquest • By the end of the Old English period English underwent a strong influence of Scandinavian due to the Scandinavian conquest of the British Isles. As the result of this conquest there about 700 borrowings from Scandinavian into English.
old english • sailing barða, cnearr, floege, scegð, æsc, mercantile matters ôran, marc, battle and the court dreng, hold, social, administrative and legal matters liesing, grið, Denelagu, bonda, lagu, wæpengetæc, socn, hâmsocn, sâclêas, withermal, stefnan, toft. • Æsc • Hûsbônda • Eorl • liðsmen, hûscarl and nîðing
in poetry • The Battle of Brunanburh and • The Battle of Maldon. • Maldon: dreng "Viking warrior“, griþ "truce, peace, cessation of hostilities“, gârræs "attack" (lit. "spearrush"), ceallian “to call”. Also in this poem we have what appears to be a conscious echo of a Norse legal idiom selja sjálfdœmi "deliver self-judgement" in the OE on hyra sylfa dôm "on their own reckoning". Byrhtnoð, the tragic hero of the poem, is called an eorl in the full Nordic sense of the word. • And in Brunanburh we find the Norse word knörr "merchant ship" twice in the OE loan cnearr "(small) ship" (cf. Norwegian knarr "sailboat").
middle english • The Scandinavian influence has left an indelible mark on the pronunciation of Scots and northern English. In some areas one can still hear forms such as garth “yard”, garn “yarn”, kist “chest”, kirn “churn”, skift “shift”, skelf “shelf”, skrike “shriek” and scrood “shroud”.
similar words • ON OE Modern E • syster sweoster sister • fiscr fisc fish • felagi felawe fellow
different borrowings • nouns as: bull, cake, egg, kid, knife, skirt, window etc, such adjectives as: flat, ill, happy, low, odd, ugly, wrong, such verbs as : call, die, guess, get, give, scream and many others. • pronouns and connective words : same, both, till, fro, though, and pronominal forms with «th» : they, them, their.
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