Satellites offer a number of features

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• Satellites offer a number of features not readily available with other means of communications. • Because very large areas of the earth are visible from satellite, the satellite can form the star point of a communications net linking together many users simultaneously, users who may be widely separated geographically. • The same feature enables satellites to provide communication links to remote communities. 1

• This is especially valuable for communities in sparsely populated areas that are difficult of access by other means. • Of course, satellite signals ignore political boundaries as well as geographical ones, which may or may not be a desirable feature. • Satellites are also used for remote sensing, examples being the detection of water pollution and the monitoring and reporting of weather conditions. • Some of these remote sensing satellites also form a vital link in search and rescue operations for downed aircraft 2 and the like.

Radio communication by satellite is an outcome of research for increasing radio communication range and capabilities. Satellite Communication combines the missile and microwave technologies The space era started in 1957 with the launching of the first artificial satellite (sputnik). SYNCOM was the first Geostationary satellite, launched in 1963. 3

HISTORY OF SATELLITES 1956 First Trans-Atlantic Telephone Cable: TAT-1 1957 Sputnik: Russia launches the first earth satellite. 1960 1 st Successful DELTA Launch Vehicle 1961 Formal start of TELSTAR, RELAY, and SYNCOM Programs 1962 TELSTAR and RELAY launched 1963 SYNCOM launched 1964 INTELSAT formed 1965 COMSAT's EARLY BIRD: 1969 INTELSAT-III series provides global coverage 1972 ANIK: 1 st Domestic Communications Satellite (Canada) 1974 WESTAR: 1 st U. S. Domestic Communications Satellite 1975 INTELSAT-IVA: 1 st use of dual-polarization 1975 RCA SATCOM: 1 st operational body-stabilized comm. satellite 1976 MARISAT: 1 st mobile communications satellite 1976 PALAPA: 3 rd country (Indonesia) to launch domestic comm. satellite 1979 INMARSAT formed. 1988 TAT-8: 1 st Fiber-Optic Trans-Atlantic telephone

• Frequency Allocations for R 1: Europe, Satellite Services and Africa, what was formerly the Soviet Union, Mongolia • R 2: North and South America and Greenland • R 3: Asia, Australia, and the south-west Pacific • Frequency and band designations are listed in table 1. 1 5

Frequency Bands • • L-band (1 - 2 GHz) S-band (2 - 4 GHz) C-band (4 - 8 GHz) X-band (8 - 12. 5 GHz) Ku-band (12. 5 - 18 GHz) K-band (18 - 26. 5 GHz) Ka-band (26. 5 - 40 GHz) 6

Satellite Bands C Band - 4/6 GHz • Uplink frequencies: 5. 925 -6. 425 GHz • Downlink frequencies: 4. 2 -4. 7 GHz • First choice for satellites because it was also used for terrestrial microwave. Equipment and expertise were available. • Interference with terrestrial microwave • Used for video delivery, VSAT, news gathering, telephony • Band is saturated 7

Satellite Bands Ku Band - 12/14 GHz • • • Uplink frequencies: 14 -14. 5 GHz Downlink frequencies: 11. 7 -12. 2 GHz Up/downlink frequencies differ for US and Europe. Smaller/cheaper earth stations used than for C Band. Rain produces attenuation problems so more powerful transmitters are needed. • Used for video delivery, VSAT, news gathering, telephony, direct-to-home video/audio, internet access, voice, video, data • Band will become saturated. 8

Some Other Bands • L Band 1. 530 -2. 700 GHz – Voice/low speed data to mobile terminals. • S Band 2. 7 -3. 5 GHz – Cellular telephony, data, paging • Ka Band 18 -31 GHz – Internet access, voice, video, data, videoconferencing – Very powerful transmitters to deal with attenuation 9

Intelsat 10

• It is clearly seen that there is a successive increase in the size and capacity of the satellites, the latest in the series, Intelsat VI, being capable of providing 80, 000 voice channels. • The design lifetime for recently launched satellites ranges from 10 to 15 years (Thai. Com will last about 14 years. ( • The international regions served by Intelsat are divided into the Atlantic Ocean Region (AOR), the Pacific Ocean Region (POR) and Indian Ocean Region (IOR. ( • For each region, satellites are positioned in geostationary orbit above the particular ocean. 11

U. S. Domsats • Domsat is an abbreviation for domestic satellite. • Domsats are used to provide various telecommunications services such as voice, data, and video transmissions, within a country. 12

Satellite Uses • Used for television (both network and DSB), long-distance telephone, and private business networks. • Particularly suitable for creating networks where cabling is not practical. – Low subscriber densities – Mobile stations 13

Satellite Limitations • Limited bandwidth, even with dish antennas directionality is limited. – Satellites cannot be placed close to each other unless they are processing the same signals. • Long propagation delays due to distance. – Distracting for voice communications. – Data communications requires special protocols. 14

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