Satellite Network Dimensioning Andreas Spoormaker Director Customer Solutions

Satellite Network Dimensioning Andreas Spoormaker Director Customer Solutions Engineering-Intelsat Africa For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5986 -Interference - 1

Agenda • Service Level Elements • Common Satellite Network Technology • Economics – Cost of Ownership • Which Solution is Best for My Network? • Link Optimization Initiatives For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 2 5986 -Interference - 2

Agenda • Service Level Elements • Satellite Network Technology Options • Economics - Cost of Ownership • Which Solution is Best for My Network? • Link Optimization Initiatives For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 3 5986 -Interference - 3

Service Level Elements (1) • Example 1 Mbps service descriptions… – 1 Mbps dedicated outbound / 1 Mpbs dedicated inbound – 1 Mbps dedicated outbound / 256 kbps dedicated inbound – 1 Mbps shared (5: 1) outbound with 256 kbps CIR / 256 kbps shared (5: 1) inbound with 32 kbps CIR – 1 Mbps shared (10: 1) outbound with 128 kbps CIR / 256 kbps shared (10: 1) inbound with 16 kbps CIR – 1 Mbps shared (25: 1) outbound with no CIR / 1 Mbps shared (25: 1) inbound with no CIR • etc…. . . many potential scenarios Need to clearly specify requirement! For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 4 5986 -Interference - 4

Service Level Elements (2) IP Layer • Common Service Level criteria at IP Layer: – Committed Information Rate (CIR) (min/max for ACM) – Burstable Information Rate (BIR) – Oversubscription Ratio (X: Y) – Quality of Service (application, Vo. IP, Diffserv, etc…) For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 5 5986 -Interference - 5

Service Level Elements (3) IP Layer • Network Dimensioning Considerations: – Supported applications – Number of users and locations – Traffic per user/group – Latency (terrestrial, access protocol, propagation ≈260 ms, hub processing) – Response time – Scope for growth/expansion of network For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 6 5986 -Interference - 6

Service Level Elements (4) • Service Level criteria can only be met if following ensured: – Latency (delay) – Jitter (real-time packet Rx) – BER – Link Availability – Downtime …SLA’s carry underlying commercial penalties for non-performance… For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 7 5986 -Interference - 7

Service Level Elements (5) • Satellite network is one component of end to end service • Need to dimension satellite network to ensure performance criteria met • Efficient delivery to remote sites • Efficient inbound access method (to support CIR, BIR) • Intelsat customers can deliver against SLA (to their end customers) For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 8 5986 -Interference - 8

The Satellite Link … sufficient margins must be included to ensure link integrity … For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 9 5986 -Interference - 9

Necessary Inputs to Determine Proper Solution • Satellite • Voice Traffic • Frequency Band – Number of Vo. IP Lines • Hub Antenna Size – % Usage on Average • Hub Location – % Usage Maximum • Remote Antenna Size • Remote Locations • Service Level – Latency, Jitter, etc. – Availability, Downtime, etc. • Data Traffic – CIR – BIR – Oversubscription Ratio • Video Traffic – Quality For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 10 5986 -Interference - 10

Agenda • Service Level Elements • Satellite Network Technology Options • Economics - Cost of Ownership • Which Solution is Best for My Network? • Link Optimisation Initiatives For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 11 5986 -Interference - 11

Satellite Access Technologies • Hub platform supporting delivery to multiple sites via shared outbound • Dedicated or shared inbound, depending on service requirements/platform For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 12 5986 -Interference - 12

Satellite Access Technologies Outbound (TDM, DVB-S 2, etc. ) • Hub-based shared mechanism • IP Packet Switching over an MCPC Carrier • TDM combines multiple data streams/packets using variable time slot lengths • Statistical multiplexing allocates bandwidth on an as-needed basis using different statistical decision criteria • Much tighter IP packet transmission than a remote shared mechanism (TDMA, DVB-RCS, etc. ) – reduced overhead • Some version of TDM used for the outbound carrier of most every satellite point-to-multipoint network solution For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 13 5986 -Interference - 13

Satellite Access Technologies Inbound (TDMA, DVB-RCS, etc. ) • Allows multiple remotes to access shared medium in an organized fashion • Access control is required – Reference bursts • Timing references for all stations to allow proper burst interleaving within TDMA frame – Guard time • Transmit timing accuracy and range rate variation of satellite • Traffic burst – One remote at a time – Detailed traffic plan is calculated and disseminated – One or many slots per burst – One remote per slot For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 14 5986 -Interference - 14

Satellite Access Technologies Inbound (SCPC) • Single Channel per Carrier provides the ability for one remote to access the same medium at a time in a non-contended fashion – No sharing of bandwidth between remotes within the medium itself – No concept of a timeframe as packets are tightly packed without concern of contention • No access control required – Associated overhead eliminated – All “bursts” are traffic, one after another not overhead • Each site has a fixed amount of bandwidth available to it at all times For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 15 5986 -Interference - 15

TDM/MF-SCPC Model Advantage Disadvantage Dedicated bandwidth for each remote inbound Each remote requires its own space segment Provides superior Quality of Service for critical applications Expensive OPEX if each remote bandwidth is not fully utilized Low Latency and Low Jitter SCPC modems typically more expensive than TDMA modems Best transmission method for real-time applications, voice, data, video, broadcast, etc. Fixed data rates on the inbound links Single Channel Per Carrier For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 16 5986 -Interference - 16

TDM/MF-TDMA Model Advantage Disadvantage Sharing of satellite bandwidth Increased Latency and Jitter Lower overall OPEX compared to dedicated pipes Demanding remotes can burden the system Good for low data rate applications Fragmentation of packets. Less effective for voice and video Low cost remotes Expensive hub equipment Large population of users All remotes must be designed around worst case link Time Division Multiple Access For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 17 5986 -Interference - 17

Agenda • Service Level Elements • Satellite Network Technology Options • Economics - Cost of Ownership • Which Solution is Best for My Network? • Link Optimisation Initiatives For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 18 5986 -Interference - 18

Satellite Network Economics “Cost of Ownership” • Operating Expenses (OPEX) – Satellite space segment Operating Expenses – Teleport operations – Licensing • Capital Expenses (CAPEX) Site Rental Operations & Maintenance Power Transmission OPEX Spares/Support Training – Remote • Indoor Kit Capital Expenses • Outdoor Kit – Hub Equipment • Indoor Kit Transmission Equipment Network Equipment Civil Works Site Equipment NRO – Ground equipment, routers, switching equipment • Outdoor Kit – Converters, RF, HPA, antennas For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. Network Operations + Depreciation Total Cost of Ownership 5824 -Interference-Free - 19 5986 -Interference - 19

Mbps vs. MHz Modulation FEC Layer 2 O/H Data Mbps • Data • Actual Information • Layer 2 O/H • Control • Addressing * • Guard Band * • Reference Bursts * • FEC • Added Redundancy • Modulation • Bits/Hz For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 20 5986 -Interference - 20

Mbps vs. MHz Revenue and Cost Bases Modulation …Service REVENUE based upon IP Rate in Mbps… FEC Layer 2 O/H Data Mbps …Main OPEX cost based upon total MHz required… An end user’s service level requirements and per-site price points will determine what realistic margins may be achievable… For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 21 5986 -Interference - 21

Satellite Access Technologies (Info Rate vs. IP Rate) • Two different data rates are important when sizing a TDMA network… IP Rate and Information Rate • IP Rate is the actual IP throughput including IP headers and data at Layer 3 of the OSI model – Represents actual LAN traffic on both remote and hub LANs • Information Rate is the actual Layer 2 information, including TDMA framing overhead, sent over the satellite – Link budgets must account for Information Rate, not IP Rate – Different platforms have different IP Rate / Information Rate ratios • Depends on satellite access method – aloha, slotted aloha (minimum delay, low traffic), TDMA For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 22 5986 -Interference - 22

Forward Error Correction Turbo Product Coding (TPC) • Iterative decoding process • Process produces a likelihood and confidence level measure for each bit • Two parallel decoders “collaborate” and reach joint decision on bit value • Low latency (vs. TCC, Vit/RS) – Due to the fact that there is no need to buffer for interleaving • Turbo Product Coding – Lower Eb/No requires less power – Higher efficiency requires less bandwidth Less Power Viterbi / RS TPC Less BW For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 23 5986 -Interference - 23

Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) • Basis of DVB-S 2 standard (LDPC/BCH) • Third-class of Turbo Code – Turbo Product Coding (TPC) – Turbo Convolutional Coding (TCC) • Iteratively decoded block code • Performs 0. 7 d. B – 1. 2 d. B better than TPC at low FEC rates (3/4 and below) • While coding gain is greater, processing delay can be an issue For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 24 5986 -Interference - 24

Spectral Efficiency vs. Eb/No Source : Comtech EF Data For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 25 5986 -Interference - 25

Benefits of Forward Error Correction • Advances in FEC can offer ≥ 3 -5 d. B of performance • 3 d. B of Coding Gain can: – Reduce required bandwidth by 50% (OPEX) – Increase data throughput by a factor of 2 (OPEX) – Reduce antenna size by 30% (CAPEX) – Reduce transmitter power by a factor of 2 (CAPEX) – Provides more link margin (Service Level) For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 26 5986 -Interference - 26

Bandwidth vs. Power • Allocated BW • Power Equivalent BW – Transponder bandwidth actually used – Transponder power required to close link – Linear function of modulation and FEC – Complicated function of hub antenna, remote antenna and satellite specifics along with required Eb/No – Decreases with higher order mods and FECs – “Bandwidth Limited” links have greater allocated BW compared to PEB – Increases with higher order mods and FECs – “Power Limited” links have greater PEB compared to allocated BW Balanced Allocated BW/PEB For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 27 5986 -Interference - 27

CAPEX (Hub Hardware) • Two models of hub hardware cost assignment – Per project – Over multiple projects • Hub platform costs can introduce significantly high barriers to entry – Lower cost hubs have lowered this barrier – Virtual Network Operator (VNO) concept lowered this entry cost • Growth costs must also be considered – Function of how many end customers a “starter kit” can support • Equipment re-use – Some platforms use the same hardware for hub and remote For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 28 5986 -Interference - 28

CAPEX (Remote Hardware) • Remote costs can become significant part of the total cost of a network – Portion of TCO grows with the size of the network • Indoor Kit – Low-cost TDMA/DVB-RCS Indoor Units (IDUs) have dropped in price to $1, 000 – SCPC modems $4, 000+ • Outdoor Kit – Antenna and ODU sizing based on either shared carrier size or dedicated carrier size – Example 1024 kbps TDMA inbound carrier with each remote requiring a 256 kbps service For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 29 5986 -Interference - 29

CAPEX (Remote Hardware) TDMA vs. SCPC • ODU requirements TDMA site requires ~30% more power • Bandwidth requirements SCPC site requires ~53% more BW • Avg. CIR 256 kbps vs. 512 kbps (TDMA vs. SCPC) For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 30 5986 -Interference - 30

CAPEX (Remote Hardware) TDMA vs. SCPC • ODU requirements TDMA site requires ~160% more power • Bandwidth requirements SCPC site requires ~53% more BW • Avg. CIR 256 kbps vs. 512 kbps (TDMA vs. SCPC) For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 31 5986 -Interference - 31

CAPEX (Remote Hardware) TDMA vs. SCPC • ODU constant Higher mod and/or FEC possible with SCPC • Hub CAPEX constant in SCPC model, variable with TDMA • Ratio of Avg. CIR / BIR will determine best solution For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 32 5986 -Interference - 32

Agenda • Service Level Elements • Satellite Network Technology Options • Economics - Cost of Ownership • Which Solution is Best for My Network? • Link Optimization Initiatives For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 33 5986 -Interference - 33

So Which Solution is Best? ? One Cannot Determine… TDM / MF - SCPC For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. TDM / MF-TDMA 5824 -Interference-Free - 34 5986 -Interference - 34

So Which Solution is Best? ? • Satellite • Voice Traffic • Frequency Band – Number of Vo. IP Lines • Hub Antenna Size – % Usage on Average • Hub Location – % Usage Maximum Until These Are Known… • Remote Antenna Size • Remote Locations • Service Level – Latency, Jitter – Availability, Downtime • Data Traffic – CIR – BIR – Oversubscription Ratio • Video Traffic – Quality … only with this information can one make the proper decision… For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 35 5986 -Interference - 35

Agenda • Service Level Elements • Satellite Network Technology Options • Economics - Cost of Ownership • Which Solution is Best for My Network? • Link Optimization Initiatives For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 36 5986 -Interference - 36

Link Performance Optimization Intelsat support to optimise throughput / service delivery: • Optimized link analysis (LST-5, STRIP 7, IOO) • Beam/txp/carrier allocation to optimise outbound/inbound performance • In-house evaluation of hardware (managed service portfolio) operating conditions (e. g. IESS, 16 APSK DVB-S 2, CCT) • VNO – traffic optimization (i. Direct) For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 37 5986 -Interference - 37

Network Dimensioning Satellite Parameters Orbit Location Coverage Footprint Frequency band Transponder Op Mode Customer Requirements CIR/BIR/oversubscription/Qo. S Vo. IP traffic profiles Video/data profile Latency, Jitter etc. IP/Information Rate BER Availability Link Budget Dimensioning Satellite Bandwidth Txp Operating Point Hub/Remote Antenna HPA Size Link Performance Network Architecture Number of carriers Access type (Outbound/Inbound) Modulation, Coding For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 38 5986 -Interference - 38

Satellite Parameters – Footprint Data • Technical User Guides (TUG) – Footprint Data (IS-902/62°E) • Transponder, Connectivity, etc. For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 39 5986 -Interference - 39

Link Optimization • LST 5 link budget tool • STRIP 7, OFPS (Intelsat) • 8 PSK/8 QAM, 16 APSK • ACM - maximize throughput under dynamic link conditions (SLA) • LDPC (incorporated into LST 5) • CCT optimization algorithm soon (guidance on interim LST-5 approach) For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 40 5986 -Interference - 40

16 APSK Operation • Detailed testing of Newtec Elevation DVB-S 2 modulator to determine practical operating conditions for 16 APSK under multicarrier txp / saturated txp scenarios • With pre-correction • No pre-correction – assessment of HPA OBO for TWTA, linearized TWTA, SSPA • Implications for general DVB-S 2 platforms For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 41 5986 -Interference - 41

16 APSK Operation • No significant impact for use of linear pre-correction for group delay/frequency response for multi-carrier transponder • Require non-linear pre-correction to compensate for amplitude and phase distortions associated with operation near transponder saturation • Uplink HPA assumed to operate multi-carrier OBO • Requires transponder characteristics (freq response, group delay, AM/AM, AM/PM) • Newtec calculation of pre-distortion data (approx. 24 hours) • Load data into Newtec modulator For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 42 5986 -Interference - 42

Comtech Double Talk Carrier-in-Carrier For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 43 5986 -Interference - 43

Comtech Double Talk Carrier-in-Carrier Teleport Loopback test For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5824 -Interference-Free - 44 5986 -Interference - 44

Thank You: Questions? For use by Intelsat customers only – please do not distribute. 5986 -Interference - 45