S T Statistics Indicators as a tool for

S&T Statistics & Indicators as a tool for policy-making Ernesto Fernandez Polcuch UNESCO Institute for Statistics International Conference on S&T Policy Research and Statistical Indicators 08 -10 November 2006 - Colombo, Sri Lanka www. uis. unesco. org

Structure of the presentation • What information are we collecting at the international level • Why produce S&T statistics and indicators in the country • How to produce them www. uis. unesco. org

Researchers per million inhabitants, 2004 or latest available year 0 – 100 101 – 300 301 – 1000 1001 – 2000 2001 and above Data not available Source: UIS S&T database 2006 and estimates www. uis. unesco. org

Researchers per million inhabitants, 2004 or latest available year 0 – 100 101 – 300 301 – 1000 1001 and above Data not available Source: UIS S&T database 2006 and estimates www. uis. unesco. org

R&D Personnel in Asia, 2003 or latest available year Country Year Total R&D Personnel (FTE) Researchers (FTE) Technicians (FTE) Armenia 2003 (HC) * 6277 4, 667 313 Azerbaijan 2002 (HC) 16, 019 10, 195 1, 609 Bangladesh 1997 (HC) 15, 364 5, 569 3, 825 140 98 - Brunei Darussalam 2003 China 2003 1, 094, 831 862, 108 - Cyprus 2003 922 490 239 Georgia 2002 (HC) 14, 893 11, 997 1, 246 India 1998 330, 492 117, 528 100, 656 Indonesia 2001 51, 544 43, 779 - Iran 2004 - 88, 000 - Japan 2003 882, 414 675, 330 67, 389 Jordan 1998 23, 946 9, 090 3, 345 Kazakhstan 2002 13, 720 9, 366 1, 364 Source: UIS S&T database 2006 FTE: Full-time equivalent, HC: Headcount, *partial data www. uis. unesco. org

R&D Personnel in Asia, 2003 or latest available year (continued) Year Total R&D Personnel (FTE) Researchers (FTE) Technicians (FTE) Korea (Rep. of) 2003 * 186, 214 151, 254 26, 926 Kyrgyzstan 2002 (HC) 2, 922 2, 065 257 Kuwait 2002 (HC) * 766 169 420 Malaysia 2002 10, 731 7, 157 1, 379 Mongolia 2002 (HC) 2, 313 1, 738 177 Nepal 2002 6, 500 1, 500 3, 500 Pakistan 2002 (HC) * - 12, 820 - Philippines 2002 5, 025 3, 750 621 Saudi Arabia 2002 (HC) * 4, 182 1, 513 1, 674 Singapore 2003 23, 514 20, 024 1, 586** Sri Lanka 2000 * - 2, 537 - Thailand 2003 42, 379 18, 114 13, 139 Turkey 2002 28, 964 23, 995 2, 567 Viet Nam 2002 11, 356 9, 328 - Country Source: UIS S&T database 2006 FTE: Full-time equivalent, HC: Headcount, *partial data, **different year www. uis. unesco. org

R&D Personnel in Africa, 2003 or latest available year Country Year Total R&D Personnel (FTE) Researchers (FTE) Technicians (FTE) Burkina Faso 1997 * 780 176 165 Congo 2000 * 217 102 111 Gabon 2004 (HC) * 188 80 68 Guinea 2000 (HC) * 3, 711 2, 117 768 Lesotho 2002 (HC) * 196 81 47 Madagascar 2000 * 985 240 730 Mauritius 1997 (HC) 871 231 145 Morocco 2002 (HC) * - 23, 559 - Mozambique 2002 (HC) * 2, 467 468 1, 999 South Africa 2001 21, 195 14, 182 3, 374 Sudan 2004 (HC) 19, 772 9, 340 4, 641 Tunisia 2002 11, 510 9, 910 329 Uganda 2001 (HC) 1, 278 568 366 Zambia 1999 * 2, 098 536 163 Source: UIS S&T database 2006 www. uis. unesco. org FTE: Full-time equivalent, HC: Headcount, *partial data

R&D Personnel in Americas and Oceania, 2003 or latest available year Country Year Total R&D Personnel (FTE) Researchers (FTE) Technicians (FTE) Australia 2002 106, 838 73, 344 - New Zealand 2003 21, 410 15, 568 3, 285 Canada 2002 177, 120 112, 624 40, 382 USA 2002 - 1, 334, 628 - Argentina 2003 39, 393 27, 367 12, 026 Bolivia 2001 1, 200 1, 050 50 Brazil 2000 117, 541 59, 838 57, 703 Chile 2001 11, 173 6, 446 4, 727 Colombia 2003 8, 216 4, 829 3, 387 Cuba 2003 (HC) 33, 478 6, 027 27, 451 Mexico 2002 46, 092 27, 626 9, 881 Paraguay 2002 1, 106 455 651 Uruguay 2002 1, 412 1, 242 170 Source: UIS S&T database 2006 FTE: Full-time equivalent, HC: Headcount www. uis. unesco. org

R&D Personnel in Europe, 2003 or latest available year Country Year Total R&D Personnel (FTE) Researchers (FTE) Technicians (FTE) Belgium 2003 52, 240 30, 901 15, 293 Denmark 2003 43, 298 25, 546 14, 640 Finland 2003 57, 196 41, 724 17928** France 2003 346, 078 192, 790 - Germany 2003 472, 533 268, 943 89, 956 Netherlands 2003 85, 987 37, 928 27, 861 Norway 2003 29, 014 20, 989 8, 025 Poland 2003 77, 040 58, 595 10, 881 Portugal 2003 25, 529 20, 242 3, 189 Russia 2003 973, 382 487, 477 80, 514 Spain 2003 151, 487 92, 523 36, 278 Sweden 2003 72, 978 47, 836 - UK 1998 - 157, 662 - Source: UIS S&T database 2006 FTE: Full-time equivalent, HC: Headcount, **different year FTE: Full-time equivalent, HC: Headcount, *partial data, **different year www. uis. unesco. org

Researchers per million inhabitants in 2000 by principal regions/sub-regions Source: UIS estimates 2003 Note: Other Asia includes South Asia, South East Asia (excl. NIE), Arab states in Asia, Source: UIS estimates 2003 Mongolia and Korea. www. uis. unesco. org

Shares of world researchers by regions, 2000 Asia, Europe and North America represent 95% of world researchers whereas the other 5% is represented by Latin America & Caribbean, Oceania and Africa. Oceania 1. 4% Asia 38. 5% Africa 1. 2% Source: UIS estimates 2003 North America 22. 7% Latin America & Caribbean 2. 4% Europe 33. 8% www. uis. unesco. org

Researchers by sector of employment in Africa and Asia, 2003 or latest available year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Africa Business Enterprise Pakistan Indonesia Iran Viet Nam Philippines Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan India Thailand Singapore Japan Guinea Tunisia Sudan Uganda Rep of Korea Source: UIS S&T database 2006 South Africa 0% China 10% Asia Government Higher Education www. uis. unesco. org Private Non-Profit Non distributed

Researchers by sector of employment in Americas, Europe and Oceania, 2003 or latest available year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Source: UIS S&T database 2006 Business Enterprise Europe Government Americas Higher Education New Zealand Australia Paraguay Uruguay Colombia Argentina Bolivia Chile Mexico Brazil Canada USA Poland Portugal Spain Netherlands France Belgium Norway Russia Finland Germany Denmark 0% Sweden 10% Ocea. www. uis. unesco. org Private Non-Profit Non distributed

GERD as a percentage of GDP, 2004 or latest available year 0. 00 – 0. 25 0. 26 – 0. 50 0. 51 – 1. 00 1. 01 – 2. 00 2. 01 and above Data not available Source: UIS S&T database 2006 and estimates www. uis. unesco. org

GERD as a percentage of GDP, 2004 or latest available year 0. 00 – 0. 25 0. 26 – 0. 50 0. 51 – 1. 00 1. 01 and above Data not available Source: UIS S&T database 2006 and estimates www. uis. unesco. org

Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Asia, 2003 or latest available year Country Year GERD ('000) in Local currency GERD ('000) GERD as a PPP$ % of GDP GERD per capita (PPP$) Armenia 2002 * 3, 440, 900 24, 316 0. 3% 8. 0 Azerbaijan 2002 91, 407, 000 79, 303 0. 3% 9. 6 China 2003 153, 963, 000 84, 618, 281 1. 3% 65. 1 Cyprus 2003 23, 933 - 0. 4% - Georgia 2002 21, 478 33, 628 0. 3% 7. 3 India 2000 176, 602, 100 20, 740, 315 0. 8% 20. 3 Indonesia 2001 783, 045, 000 343, 868 0. 05% 1. 6 Iran 2004 7, 818, 000 - 0. 7% - Israel 2003 23, 682, 000 6, 320, 818 4. 7% 976. 3 Japan 2003 15, 683, 403, 000 112, 221, 817 3. 1% 878. 5 Kazakhstan 2001 7, 154, 075 174, 894 0. 2% 11. 7 Korea (Rep. of) 2003 19, 068, 682, 000 22, 761, 539 2. 6% 479. 6 Source: UIS S&T database 2006 *partial data www. uis. unesco. org

Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Asia, 2003 or latest available year (continued) Country Year GERD ('000) in Local currency GERD ('000) PPP$ GERD as a % of GDP GERD per capita (PPP$) Kyrgyzstan 2002 149, 300 16, 176 0. 2% 3. 2 Malaysia 2002 2, 500, 600 1, 539, 498 0. 7% 64. 2 Mongolia 2002 * 3, 522, 700 11, 292 0. 3% 4. 4 Nepal 2002 2, 807, 000 221, 728 0. 6% 8. 7 Pakistan 2002 * 9, 785, 470 649, 951 0. 2% 4. 4 Philippines 2002 4, 493, 968 372, 611 0. 1% 4. 7 Singapore 2003 3, 424, 470 2, 239, 000 2. 2% 530. 6 Sri Lanka 2000 * 1, 810, 000 91, 852 0. 1% 4. 6 Thailand 2003 15, 499, 201 1, 230, 952 0. 3% 19. 5 Turkey 2002 1, 843, 290 2, 953, 874 0. 7% 42. 0 Viet Nam 2002 1, 032, 560, 900 357, 109 0. 2% 4. 4 Source: UIS S&T database 2006 *partial data www. uis. unesco. org

Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Africa, 2003 or latest available year Country Year GERD ('000) in Local currency GERD ('000) GERD as a PPP$ % of GDP GERD per capita (PPP$) Burkina Faso 1997 * 2, 586, 462 16, 927 0. 2% 1. 6 Egypt 2000 * 654, 600 437, 004 0. 2% 6. 5 Lesotho 2002 * 500 279 0. 01% 0. 2 Madagascar 2000 * 31, 428, 000 15, 278 0. 1% 0. 9 Mauritius 2003 * 529, 139 48, 923 0. 4% 40. 1 Morocco 2002 2, 447, 850 695, 093 0. 6% 23. 1 Mozambique 2002 * 501, 580, 800 113, 663 0. 6% 6. 1 South Africa 2001 7, 488, 076 3, 351, 281 0. 8% 72. 7 Sudan 2003 15, 650, 000 215, 997 0. 3% 6. 2 Tunisia 2002 188, 000 416, 202 0. 6% 42. 6 Uganda 2001 81, 215, 540 259, 259 0. 8% 10. 3 Zambia 1997 * 417, 000 574 0. 01% 0. 1 Source: UIS S&T database 2006 *partial data www. uis. unesco. org

Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Americas and Oceania, 2003 or latest available year Country Year GERD ('000) in Local currency GERD ('000) PPP$ GERD as a % of GDP GERD per capita (PPP$) Australia 2002 12, 842, 700 9, 499, 196 1. 7% 486. 8 New Zealand 2003 1, 593, 100 1, 052, 088 1. 2% 266. 6 Canada 2003 23, 992, 000 19, 398, 862 2. 0% 613. 2 USA 2003 292, 437, 410 291, 765, 090 2. 7% 997. 1 Argentina 2003 1, 541, 700 1, 825, 667 0. 4% 48. 0 Bolivia 2002 156, 800 60, 505 0. 3% 7. 0 Brazil 2003 14, 851, 310 13, 487, 010 1. 0% 74. 3 Chile 2003 303, 001, 483 980, 798 0. 6% 61. 5 Colombia 2001 313, 720, 990 449, 973 0. 2% 10. 5 Cuba 2003 209, 100 - 0. 6% - Mexico 2002 24, 861, 000 3, 604, 704 0. 4% 35. 0 Paraguay 2002 30, 821, 390 24, 464 0. 1% 4. 3 Uruguay 2002 688, 880 68, 931 0. 3% 20. 3 Source: UIS S&T database 2006 www. uis. unesco. org

Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Europe, 2003 or latest available year Year GERD ('000) in Local currency Belgium 2003 5, 089, 200 5, 593, 792 1. 9% 539. 0 Denmark 2003 36, 739, 700 4, 461, 555 2. 6% 826. 7 Finland 2003 5, 005, 020 5, 023, 470 3. 5% 962. 3 France 2003 34, 569, 100 36, 717, 363 2. 2% 611. 9 Germany 2003 54, 538, 430 58, 683, 043 2. 6% 710. 6 Netherlands 2003 8, 376, 000 8, 805, 951 1. 8% 545. 3 Norway 2003 27, 301, 700 3, 000, 475 1. 7% 655. 8 Poland 2003 4, 558, 300 2, 430, 960 0. 6% 63. 0 Portugal 2003 1, 019, 580 1, 472, 921 0. 8% 141. 8 Russia 2003 169, 862, 370 16, 926, 381 1. 3% 117. 0 Spain 2003 8, 213, 040 10, 172, 181 1. 1% 241. 4 Sweden 2003 97, 100, 000 9, 538, 353 4. 0% 1, 063. 3 UK 2003 20, 821, 400 30, 503, 580 1. 9% 514. 5 Country Source: UIS S&T database 2006 GERD ('000) GERD as a PPP$ % of GDP GERD per capita (PPP$) www. uis. unesco. org

GERD as a percentage of GDP in 2000 by principal regions/sub-regions Developing countries spent around 0. 9% of their GDP on R&D, still falling short of the target of 1% indicated in various S&T Policy documents Source: UIS estimates 2003 Note: Other Asia includes South Asia, South East Asia (excl. NIE), Arab states in Asia, Source: UIS estimates 2003 Mongolia and Korea. www. uis. unesco. org

GERD as a percentage of GDP by region, 1990 - 2000 Source: UIS estimates 2004 www. uis. unesco. org

GERD as a percentage of GDP in developing countries and in selected countries & regions in Asia and Africa, 1990 - 2000 Source: UIS estimates 2004 www. uis. unesco. org

Shares of world R&D expenditure (GERD) by regions, 1990 - 2000 Region 1990 1992 1994 1996/1997 1999/2000 Northern America 38. 2% 39. 9% 37. 2% 38. 0% 37. 2% Latin America & Caribbean 2. 8% 2. 6% 3. 1% 2. 8% Europe 33. 9% 29. 7% 30. 9% 28. 7% 26. 9% Africa 1. 3% 0. 8% 0. 9% 0. 8% Asia 23. 0% 26. 6% 28. 2% 31. 2% Oceania 1. 0% 0. 9% 1. 3% 1. 1% 1990 Latin America & Caribbean, 2. 8% Oceania, 1. 0% Latin America & Caribbean, 2. 8% Africa, 1. 3% Northern America, 38. 2% Europe, 33. 9% Asia, 23. 0% Source: UIS estimates 2004 1999/2000 Oceania, 1. 1% Europe, 26. 9% Africa, 0. 8% Northern America, 37. 2% Asia, 31. 2% www. uis. unesco. org

R&D expenditure (GERD) per researcher by principal regions /sub-regions, 2000 (in thousand PPP$) GERD per researcher in absolute terms as well as relative to GDP per capita suggest important issues to build up effective R&D systems in terms of salaries for researchers and proper working environment that provides access to research equipment, research facilities. Note: Other Asia includes South Asia, South East Asia (excl. NIE), Arab states in Asia, Mongolia and Korea. Source: UIS estimates 2003 and A World of Science Vol. 2 -1 www. uis. unesco. org UNESCO.

GERD by sector of performance in Africa and Asia, 2003 or latest available year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Africa Business Enterprise Sri Lanka Indonesia Viet Nam Kuwait Azerbaijan India Kazakhstan Thailand Kyrgyzstan Philippines Singapore China Malaysia Japan Rep of Korea Seychelles Uganda Tunisia Source: UIS S&T database 2006 Sudan 0% South Africa 10% Asia Government Higher Education Private Non-Profit Non distributed www. uis. unesco. org

GERD by sector of performance in Americas, Europe and Oceania, 2003 or latest available year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Government Higher Education New Zealand Australia Paraguay Colombia Bolivia Argentina Mexico Chile Brazil Uruguay Americas Europe Business Enterprise Canada USA Poland Portugal Spain Netherlands Norway France UK Russia Germany Finland Denmark Source: UIS S&T database 2006 Belgium 0% Sweden 10% Ocea. Private Non-Profit Non distributed www. uis. unesco. org

GERD by source of funds in Africa and Asia, 2003 or latest available year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Africa Business Enterprise Sri Lanka Indonesia Viet Nam Kuwait Azerbaijan India Thailand Malaysia Singapore Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Philippines China Rep of Korea Japan Seychelles Mozambique Uganda Source: UIS S&T database 2006 South Africa 0% Tunisia 10% Asia Government Higher Education Foreign Private Non-Profit Non distributed www. uis. unesco. org

GERD by source of funds in Americas, Europe and Oceania, 2003 or latest available year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Source: UIS S&T database 2006 Business Enterprise Europe Government Americas Higher Education Foreign New Zealand Australia Paraguay Bolivia Argentina Mexico Chile Brazil Uruguay Colombia Canada USA Poland Russia Portugal UK Spain Norway France Netherlands Belgium Denmark Sweden Germany 0% Finland 10% Ocea. Private Non-Profit Non distributed www. uis. unesco. org

Why: Evidence-based policy-making • Evidence-based policy has been defined as an approach that “helps people make well informed decisions about policies, programmes and projects by putting the best available evidence from research at the heart of policy development and implementation” (Davies, 1999). • Further, evidence-based policy-making in a democratic context means that, wherever possible, public policy decisions should be reached after an open debate which is informed by careful and rigorous analysis using sound and transparent data. More specifically, it may be defined as the use of statistics to achieve issue recognition; inform programme design and policy choice; forecast the future; monitor policy implementation; evaluate policy impact (Scott, 2005). www. uis. unesco. org

Some key quotes • “Governments should promote the further development or setting up of national statistical services capable of providing sound data, disaggregated by gender and disadvantaged groups, on science education and R&D activities that are necessary for effective S&T policy-making. Developing countries should be assisted in this respect by the international community, using the technical expertise of UNESCO and other international organizations. ” (Science Agenda - Framework for Action, World Science Conference, Budapest, 1999) www. uis. unesco. org

Targets and benchmarking • Government will make necessary budgetary commitments for higher education and science and technology. It will, through its own resources and also through contribution by industry, raise the level of investment to at least 2% of GDP on science and technology by the end of the Tenth Plan. (India, Science and Technology Policy 2003) • “The objective is to reach the objective set by the March 2002 Barcelona European Council, to increase the average research investment level from 1. 9% of GDP today to 3% of GDP by 2010, of which 2/3 should be funded by the private sector. ” (Investing in research: an action plan for Europe, Commission of the European Communities, 2003). • “To foster scientific and technological activity in all its aspects and widest possible scope to maintain a vigorous drive towards developing self reliance in scientific and technological capability, and to allocate a reasonable proportion of GNP for science and technology activity. ” (Presidential Task Force Report, Science and Technology Policy for the 1990 s, Sri Lanka) www. uis. unesco. org

Targets and benchmarking (contd. ) • “To demonstrate their political will and commitment to improving the tot of these peoples, Member States are urged, within the coming decade, to aim at gradually reaching the target of mobilising, at the domestic level, 1 per cent of their GDP for the development of their scientific and technological capabilities. ” (Lagos plan of action for the economic development of Africa, Organization of African Unity, 1980) • “An example is the target of a ratio of R&D spending to GDP of 1% for African countries. ” (Africa’s Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action, AMCOST/NEPAD, 2005). • South Africa has set a goal of achieving R&D expenditure equivalent to 1% of GDP by the year 2008 (http: //www. dst. gov. za/). www. uis. unesco. org

Millennium Project • The international mobility of skilled people is one of the key mechanisms for the transition of technological capability across countries. To use this mechanism effectively, countries need to design institutions that enable them to use the skills of their nationals wherever they live. Such institutional arrangements need to rely on a commitment to international cooperation and partnerships. • Marginalized in the development process, these universities seek only to churn out graduates. Universities need to be re-envisioned as potentially powerful partners in the development process. • The science, technology, and innovation curricula in many developing country universities are outdated or lack a cross-disciplinary approach. In certain departments, the research emphasis needs to be shifted toward issues of local and national relevance. • Creating links between knowledge generation and enterprise development is one of the most important challenges developing countries face. A range of structures can be used to create and sustain enterprises, from taxation regimes and market-based instruments to consumption policies and changes within the national system of innovation www. uis. unesco. org

UIS view of S&T statistics • Human resources • Innovation; especially at local level, including organizational change • Three stage strategy • R&D > innovation > impact www. uis. unesco. org

Definition • Science and technology indicators may be defined as a series of data designed to answer questions about the existing state of and/or changes in the science and technology enterprise, its internal structure, its relationships with the outside world, and the degree to which it is meeting the goals set it by those within or without (Fabian, 1979). • The aim of science and technology indicators is similar to that of social indicators: to obtain a picture of the state of science and technology and anticipate the consequences of scientific advances and technological change (Sirilli, 1998). www. uis. unesco. org

What: Types of S&T indicators § We cannot measure S&T directly. Therefore we measure proxies: • Input indicators • Output indicators • Impact indicators Inputs “Black box” Human Resources Expenditure Outputs Publications Science and Technology Patents www. uis. unesco. org

What is in the “black box”? § We need to define clearly WHAT we are measuring. § Science and Technology? § Innovation? § Research and Experimental Development (R&D)? www. uis. unesco. org

WHAT DO WE MEASURE: Types of indicators § Input indicators: R&D expenditure and human resources. § Output indicators: publications and patents. § Impact indicators: innovation, social impact (? ). § Technology transfer indicators: technology balance of payment. www. uis. unesco. org

Chris Freeman’s pyramid revisited YOU ARE HERE Standards INTERNATIONAL LEVEL Consensus REGIONAL LEVEL NATIONAL LEVEL INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL www. uis. unesco. org

UNESCO methodologies and frameworks § Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics on Science and Technology, 1978 § UNESCO Manual for Statistics on Scientific and Technological Activities ST-84/WS/12, Paris, 1984 § International Standard Classification of Education - ISCED 1997 www. uis. unesco. org

“Frascati family” of OECD Manuals The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities Type of data R&D Title Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development (6 th Edition, 2002) R&D Statistics and Output Measurement in the Higher Education Sector. “Frascati Manual Supplement” (1989) Technology balance “Manual for the Measurement and Interpretation of of payments Technology Balance of Payments Data – TBP Manual” (1990) Innovation OECD Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data – Oslo Manual (3 rd Edition, 2005) Patents “Using Patent Data as Science and Technology Indicators – Patent Manual 1994” S&T personnel The Measurement of Human Resources Devoted to Science and Technology – Canberra Manual (1995) www. uis. unesco. org

Other relevant OECD frameworks Type of data Title High-technology “Revision of High-technology Sector and Product Classification” (OECD, STI Working Paper 1997/2) Bibliometrics “Bibliometric Indicators and Analysis of Research Systems, Methods and Examples”, by Yoshiko Okubo (OECD, STI Working Paper 1997/1) Globalisation Handbook of Economic Globalisation Indicators (2005) Information Society Guide for Information Society Measurements and Analysis (2005) Biotechnology Framework for Biotechnology Statistics (2005). Productivity Measuring Productivity. Measurement of aggregate and industry-level productivity growth (2001) www. uis. unesco. org

STA: Definition For statistical purposes, Scientific and Technological Activities (STA) can be defined as all systematic activities which are closely concerned with the generation, advancement, dissemination, and application of scientific and technical knowledge in all fields of science and technology, that is the natural sciences, engineering and technology, the medical and the agricultural sciences (NS), as well as the social sciences and humanities (SSH). www. uis. unesco. org

R&D: Definition Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. www. uis. unesco. org

STET: Definition Scientific and technological education and training at broadly the third level (STET) can be defined as all activities comprising specialized non-university higher education and training, higher education and training leading to a university degree, post-graduate and further training and organized lifelong training for scientists and engineers. www. uis. unesco. org

STS: Definition Scientific and technological services (STS) can be defined as any activities concerned with scientific research and experimental development and contributing to the generation, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge. www. uis. unesco. org

STS: detailed activities § S&T services provided by libraries, archives, information and documentation centres, reference departments, scientific congress centres, data banks and information-processing departments. § S&T services provided by museums of science or technology, botanical and zoological gardens and other S&T collections (anthropological, archaeological, geological, etc. ). § Systematic work on the translation and editing of S&T books and periodicals. § Topographical, geological and hydrological surveying; meteorological and seismological observations; surveying of soils and of plants; fish and wildlife resources; routine soil, atmosphere and water testing; the routine checking and monitoring of radioactivity levels. § Prospecting and related activities designed to locate and identify oil and mineral resources. www. uis. unesco. org

STS: detailed activities (continued) § The gathering of information on human, social, economic and cultural phenomena, usually for the purpose of compiling routine statistics, e. g. population censuses; production, distribution and consumption statistics; market studies; social and cultural statistics, etc. § Testing, standardization, metrology and quality control; regular routine work relating to the analysis, checking and testing, by recognized methods, of materials, products, devices and processes, together with the setting up and maintenance of standards and standards of measurement. § Regular routine work on the counselling of clients, other sections of an organization or independent users, designed to help them to make use of scientific, technological and management information. § Activities relating to patents and licences. www. uis. unesco. org

Innovation: definition (Oslo Manual 2005) An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. www. uis. unesco. org

Innovation activities are all scientific, technological, organisational, financial and commercial steps which actually, or are intended to, lead to the implementation of innovations. Some innovation activities are themselves innovative, others are not novel activities but are necessary for the implementation of innovations. Innovation activities also include R&D that is not directly related to the development of a specific innovation. www. uis. unesco. org

WHY measuring innovation? • The relationship between innovation and economic development is widely acknowledged. • Innovation policy should be evidence-based. www. uis. unesco. org

The innovation measurement framework www. uis. unesco. org

Thank you! http: //www. uis. unesco. org UNESCO Institute for Statistics C. P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H 3 C 3 J 7, Canada. TP: (1 514) 343 -6880 Fax: (1 514) 343 -6872 www. uis. unesco. org