romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) romis samarTlis wyaroebi 2014 1

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) romis samarTlis wyaroebi 2014 1 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) romis samrTlis wyaroebi termini `samarTlis wyaro~ pirvelad gamoiyena cnobilma romaelma istorikosma titus liviusma, romelmac aRniSna, rom _ XII tabulis kanonebi aris mTeli romauli sajaro da kerZo samarTlis wyaro. titus liviusi Zv.w. 59-17 ww 2014 2 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) romis samrTlis wyaroebi dReisaTvis termini `samarTlis wyaro~ sxvadasxva miSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba: rogorc samarTlis normis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli; rogorc dadgenisa da gadmocemis forma; rogorc Secnobis saSualeba. 2014 3 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) romis samrTlis wyaroebi romis samarTlis wyaroebia: CveulebiTi samarTali; kanonebi (kanonieri sarCelebi); magistratebis ediqtebi; iuristTa moRvaweoba. 2014 4 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi CveulebiTi samarTali dawerili samarTlisagan (ius scriptum) gansxvavebiT, CveulebiTi samarTali dauwereli samarTlis (ius non scriptum) erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa; es normebi Serwymuli iyo religiur da moralur normebTan, amitomac uZveles xanaSi samarTali da religia erTi sityviT `fas~ (neba, ufleba, religiuri wesrigi) moixsenieboda, am droisaTvis qurumebi did rols TamaSobdnen samarTalwarmoebaSi. mogvianebiT CveulebiTi samarTlis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba terminebi mos romanum (romauli Cveuleba) an mores maiorum (winaparTa naanderZevi). 2014 5 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi CveulebiTi samarTali `kanonis nacvlad savsebiT damsaxurebulad gamoiyeneba damkvidrebuli Zveli Cveuleba da igi warmoadgens samarTals, romelsac CveulebebiT dadgenil samarTals uwodeben. vinaidan, Tu kanoni mxolod imis gamo gvakisrebs movaleobas, rom igi xalxis gadawyvetilebiT aris miRebuli, maSin savsebiT samarTlianad unda dagvakisros movaleobebi yvelaferma imanac, rac xalxma yovelgvari Caweris gareSe moiwona. radgan ra gansxvavebaa, xalxma Tavisi neba xmis micemiT gamoxata Tu Tavisi saqmeebiTa da moqmedebiT?~ ulpiane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli III, 32. 2014 6 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi CveulebiTi samarTali imas, rac didi xnis CveulebiT aris mowonebuli da rasac [xalxi] mravali wlis manZilze icavs, rogorc moqalaqeTa Soris mdumare SeTanxmebas, aranaklebi Zala aqvs vidre kanons~. hermogeniane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli III, 35. `Zvel Cveulebas kanonis nacvlad, Cveulebriv, iyeneben maSin, rodesac dawerili kanoni ar gaaCniaT~. ulpiane, digestebi, wigni I, tituli III, 33. 2014 7 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi kanonebi kanoni (lex, leges) romis samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaroa; pirvel kanonebs ker kidev reqsebis xanas miaweren, magaliTad iTvleba, rom servius tuliusis mier gatarebuli reformebi swored kanonmdeblobis gziT ganxorcielda (Tumca reqsebs ar gaaCndaT sakanonmdeblo funqcia). kanonad iwodeba aseve kuriisa da centuriis krebis mier miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. 2014 8 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi _ kanonebi dawerili samarTlis Semadgeneli nawilia aseve plebsis gadawyvetileba (plebiscita) da senatis gadawyvetileba (senatusconsultum). `kanoni aris is, rac romaelma xalxma (populus Romanus) senatis mgistratis, magaliTad konsulis, winadadebiT daadgina. plebisciti aris is, rac plebsma plebsis magistratis, magaliTad tribunis, winadadebiT daadgina... saxelwodeba `xalxi~ aRniSnavs moqalaqeTa mTel erTobliobas, patriciebisa da senatorebis CaTvliT. xolo plebsi aRniSnavs [yvela] danarCen moqalaqes, patriciebisa da senatorebis gamoklebiT. magram hortensiusis (Zv.w. 287w. d.b.) kanonis gamocemis Semdeg plebiscitebsac iseTive Zala mianiWes, rogoric kanonebs qondaT~. instituciebi, wigni I, tituli II, 4. 2014 9 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi kanonebi `senatis gadawyvetileba (senatusconsultum) aris is, rac senatma brZana da daadgina. vinaidan, rodesac romaeli xalxi ise gamravlda, rom Zneli gaxda kanonebis dasamtkiceblad misi erTad mowveva, maSin samarTlianad iqna miCneuli, rom xalxis nacvlad senatTan eTaTbiraT~. instituciebi, wigni I, tituli II, 4. 2014 10 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi kanonebi imperiis periodSi (I-Vss.) sakanonmdeblo funqcia imperatoris xelSi gadavida. imperatoris gankargulebebs _ konstituciebi ewoda; isini oTxi saxis iyo: ediqtebi _ mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis gankuTvnili gankargulebebi; reskriptebi _ calkeul saqmeze gamocemuli gankargulebebi; mandatebi _ moxeleTaTvis micemuli davalebebi, instruqciebi; dekretebi _ sadao sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. 2014 11 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi kanonebi `magram princefsis dadgenilebebsac kanonis Zala aqvs, radgan `mefis kanoniT~, romelic misi (e.i. princefsis) xelisuflebis Sesaxeb gamoica, xalxma mTeli Tavisi Zala da ufleba mas dauTmo. ase rom, yvelaferi is, rasac ki imperatori werliT (epistula) daadgens, an gamoZiebis Semdeg gadawyvets da an ediqtiT brZanebs, kanonad iTvleba. [swored] es aris is, rac konstituciebad iwodeba. 2014 12 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi kanonebi rasakvirvelia, maT Soris zogierTi [konstitucia] personaluria da sxvebze ar vrceldeba, radgan princefss es ar surs. vinaidan, Tu man raime damsaxurebis gamo vinme daajildova, an, Tu vinmes sasjeli daado da an, Tu vinmes daexmara ise, rom amiT precendenti ar Seuqmnia, maSin [es dadgenileba] am piris garda, sxvebze ar vrceldeba, xolo sxva [dadgenilebebi], ramdenadac isini zogadi [xasiaTis] arian, ueWvelad, yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa~. instituciebi, wigni I, tituli II, 4. 2014 13 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi _ kanonebi arqaul periodSi samarTlis wyaros mniSvneloba gaaCndaT aseve kanonier sarCelebs (legis actiones). `...Seadgines sarCelebi, romelTa saSualebiT adamianebi erTmaneTs Soris warmoqmnil davebs wyvetdnen. xalxs rom Tavisi neba-survilis mixedviT ar Seedgina, gadawyvites, rom maT zustad gansazRvruli da dadgenili saxe hqonodaT, da samarTlis am nawils uwodes legis actiones, e.i. `kanonieri sarCelebi~. pomponiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli II, 2, $6. 2014 14 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi magistratebis ediqtebi magistratebis mier gamocemul sajaro gancxadebebs, brZanebebsa Tu instruqciebs savaldebulo xasiaTi gaaCndaT; (termini ediqti laTinuri sityvidan momdinareobs, dico _ vambob, dicere _ Tqma, dictum _ naTqvami). maT mier gamocemul ediqtebs (edicta magistratuum) kanonis Zala qondaT. yvelaze mniSvnelovani pretoris ediqtebi iyo. Tavdapirvelad pretori civiluri samarTlis farglebSi moqmedebda, ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, avsebda an azustebda mas. SemdgomSi pretoris ediqtma civiluri samarTlis moTxovnaTa Secvlac daiwyo. 2014 15 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi magistratebis ediqtebi magistratebis ediqtebs maTi uflebamosilebis vadiT (rogorc wesi 1 wliT) gaaCndaT savaldebulo Zala. Tumca am wess ar daemorCila pretoris ediqtebi, romlebic xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda. amas xeli Seuwyo pretoris ediqtebis sistematizaciam, romelic imperator adrianes iniciativiT ax. w. 131 wels ganxorcielda. kodificirebuli teqsti moiwona imperatorma, xolo senatma is ucvlelad gamoacxada (edictum perpetuum). `mudmiv ediqtSi~ Sesworebis gakeTeba imperatoris prerogativa iyo. ase Camoyalibda ius honorarium anu praetorium. 2014 16 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi magistratebis ediqtebi `...saqmeebs magistratebic arCevdnen. magistratebi gamoscemdnen ediqtebs im mizniT, rom moqalaqeebisaTvis garkveuli yofiliyo, Tu romeli saqme, romeli samarTliT unda gaerCiaT da TavianTi saqme rogor daecvaT, da pretorTa am ediqtebma Seadgines `sapatio samarTali~ [ius honorarium ]. sapatio mas ewoda imitom, rom [es samarTali] pretoris sapatio TanamdebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. pomponiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli II, 2, $10. 2014 17 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi iuristTa moRvaweoba cnobili romaeli oratori, politikuri moRvawe, filosofosi, mwerali da samarTalmcodne markus tulius ciceroni werda, rom: namdvili samarTalmcodne da iuristi is aris, vinc icnobs kanonebsa da CveulebiT samarTals, visac SeuZlia rCevis micema, saqmiswarmoeba da klientis interesebis dacva. markus tulius ciceroni Zv.w. 106-43 2014 18 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi iuristTa moRvaweoba romael iuristTa moRvaweoba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT xorcieldeboda: cavere _ iuridiul moqmedebaTa Sesatyvisi formulebis Camoyalibeba; respondere _ iuridiul sakiTxebze moqalaqeebisaTvisa Tu saxelmwifo moxeleebisaTvis konsultaciebis, axsna-ganmartebebis micema. agere _ sasamarTloSi mxareTa procesualur moqmedebaTa xelmZRvaneloba; sasamarTloSi ama Tu im mxaris interesebis dacva. 2014 19 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

dawerili samarTlis Semadgenel nawilad ganixileboda aseve samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi (responsa prudentium). `samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi warmoadgenen im [pirTa] Sexedulebebsa da mosazrebebs, romlebsac samarTlis Seqmnis neba miecaT. vinaidan, ZvelTagan dawesebuli iyo, rom arsebuliyvnen [pirebi], romlebic samarTals sajarod ganmartavdnen, da romlebsac cezarma (imperatorma) iuridiul sakiTxebze konsultaciebis micemis ufleba mianiWa, da maT iuriskonsultebs uwodebdnen. yvela maTs Sexedulebasa da mosazrebas iseTi avtoriteti qonda, rom, miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad, mosamarTleebs ar SeeZloT maTi pasuxebisaTvis Tavis arideba.~ instituciebi, wigni I, tituli II, 8. 2014 20 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi iuristTa moRvaweoba 426 wels imperator valentiniane III-s dros miiRes kanoni citirebis Sesaxeb (lex citationis), romlis Tanaxmad sxvadasxva sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad unda exelmZRvanelaT xuTi gamoCenili iuristis naSromebiT, esenia: gaiusi, papianusi, pavlusi, ulpianusi da modestinusi. Tu maTi Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveoda, maSin sakiTxi xmaTa umravlesobiT wydeboda, xmebis Tanabrobisas ki upiratesi mniSvneloba im mosazrebas eniWeboda, romelsac mxars papianusi uWerda. 2014 21 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi XII tabulis (dafis) kanonebi XII tabulis (dafis) kanonebi (leges duodecim tabularum) Zv.w. 450 welsaa Sedgenili. specialurad Seqmnilma decemvirTa aTkacianma komisiam am kanonebis Sedgenisas berZnuli kanonmdeblobiT ixelmZRvanela. mis ZiriTad wyaros CveulebiTi samarTali warmoadgens. Zeglis originali dakargulia da misi aRdgena romaeli iuristebis Sromebis mixedviT gaxda SesaZlebeli. 2014 22 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi XII tabulis (dafis) kanonebi `sajaro xelisuflebam aTi kacis daniSvna gadawyvita, rom maTi saSualebiT berZnuli saxelmwifoebidan kanonebi gamoeTxovaT da saxelmwifo am kanonebze daefuZnebinaT. es kanonebi spilos Zvlis dafebze daweres da Semdeg rostraluri tribunis win moaTavses, raTa xalxs maTi ufro advilad aRqmis SesaZlebloba qonoda. pomponiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli II, 2, $4. 2014 23 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi XII tabulis (dafis) kanonebi da im wliT maT gadaecaT saxelmwifoSi umaRlesi xelisufleba, raTa kanonebi SeesworebinaT da, Tu saWiro gaxdeboda, ganemartaT, da rom maTi moqmedebani ver gaesaCivrebinaT, rogorc danarCeni magistratebisa. maT Tavad SeniSnes, rom am pirvel kanonebs xarvezebi gaaCnda da amitom momdevno wels am dafebs ori sxvac daumates da amis gamo maT Tormeti dafis kanonebi ewoda~. pomponiusi, digestebi, wigni I, tituli II, 2, $4. 2014 24 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi XII tabulis (dafis) kanonebi XII tabulis kanonebSi sakiTxebi Semdegi sistemiT iyo gadmocemuli: I, II da III tabula _ samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali; IV da V tabula _ saojaxo da samemkvidreo samarTali; VI da VII tabula _ sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis sakiTxebi; 2014 25 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi XII tabulis (dafis) kanonebi VIII da IX tabula _ sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebi; X tabula _ sakraluri samarTlis sakiTxebi; XI da XII tabula _ moicavs damatebiT muxlebs wina aTi tabulis xarvezebis Sesavsebad. XII tabulis kanonebma udidesi roli Seasrula romis samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. 2014 26 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi corpus juris civilis iustiniamdel romis samarTlis kodifikacias warmoadgens aRmosavleT romis imperatoris Teodos II-is 438 wlis kodifikacia, romelic imperatoris gankargulebebs Seicavda da codex teodosianus-is saxeliTaa cnobili. 2014 27 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi corpus juris civilis romis samarTlis kodifikacia daekisra imperatorTn daaxloebul moxeles tribonianes, romelic sakodifikacio komisiaSi 529 wlidan rigiT wevrad Sedioda, 530-wlidan ki xelmZRvanelobda mas. triboniane 500-547 2014 28 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi corpus juris civilis 529-534 wlebSi Sedgenili iqna sami didi krebuli: instituciebi digestebi anu pandeqtebi iustinianes kodeqsi mogvianebiT 535-565 wlebSi iustinianem moaxdina samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis modernizacia da kodifikaciis am nawils novelebi ewoda. aRmosavleT romis impertori iustiniane I 482 (527) _ 565 ww. 2014 29 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi corpus juris civilis instituciebi (institutiones) _ es aris saxelmZRvanelo damwyebi iuristebisaTvis; igi 4 nawilisagan Sedgeba: samarTlis subieqtebi; sanivTo samarTali valdebulebiTi samarTali; saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTali. 2014 30 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi corpus juris civilis digestebi (digesta), anu pandeqtebi (pandectae) _ moicavs 40 romaeli iuristis Sromebidan amokrebil calkeul gamonaTqvamebs, mosazrebebs calkeul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, ramac 50 wigni Seadgina. iustinianes kodeqsi (codex iustinianus) _ iustinianes gankarulebebis, anu imperatoris mier gamocemuli aqtebis erTobliobaa. 2014 31 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samrTlis wyaroebi corpus juris civilis Sua saukuneebSi iustinianes sakodifikacio da sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis Sedegad miRebulma am oTxma nawilma erTiani saxelwodeba _ corpus juris civilis miiRo. romis samarTlis Semdgomi gadamuSavebis Sedegd miRebul iqna: ekloga (740 w.); bazilika (886-912 ww.); proxeironi (daaxloebiT 1300 w.); konstantine armenopulos eqvswigneuli (1345 w.). 2014 32 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) ius scriptum ius non scriptum fas mos romanum mores maiorum lex leges plebiscita senatusconsultum populus Romanus legis actiones 2014 33 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI dico dictum edicta magistratuum cavere respondere agere institutiones pandectae digesta codex iustinianus corpus juris civilis

romis samarTali (safuZvlebi) SekiTxvebi? gmadlobT yuradRebisaTvis! gisurvebT warmatebebs! 2014 34 DAVIT BOSTOGHANASHVILI