& Revisiting a Dozen Causes where Rates/Prices become Inapplicable” by Prof. Indrawansa Samaratunga Ph. D, DSc, FRICS, FAIQS, FIQS(SL), FCIArb, FCIOB, FCMI, FIAS, FCABE (Chartered Surveyor/Chartered Manager/Chartered Building Engineer/ Chartered Construction Manager/Chartered Quantity Surveyor) Arbitrator / Mediator - London Court of International Arbitration Arbitrator / Expert - Dubai International Arbitration Centre Construction Law & Dispute Resolution Board Member of the British University in Dubai Ex Middle East Representative - Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Question In a lump sum Contract (where the Works would not be re-measured), the Drawings show 200 m of boundary wall, but it is given in the Bill of Quantities (by the Employer), and priced (by the Contractor) as follows: Boundary Wall 100 m 100/= 10, 000. 00 A variation has been instructed to delete the whole of the boundary wall. Which of the following options would you use in the valuation of this variation: (1) - 100 m @ 100/= = (2) - 200 m @ 100/= = (3) - 200 m @ 50/= = - 10, 000. 00 ? - 20, 000. 00 ? - 10, 000. 00 ?
52. 1 a b c d All variations referred to in Clause 51 and any additions to the Contract Price which are required to be determined in accordance with Clause 52 (for the purpose of this Clause referred to as “varied work”), shall be valued at the rates and prices set out in the Contract if, in the opinion of the Engineer, the same shall be applicable. If the Contract does not contain any rates or prices applicable to the varied work, the rates and prices in the Contract shall be used as the basis for valuation so far as may be reasonable, failing which, after due consultation by the Engineer with the Employer and the Contractor, suitable rates or prices shall be agreed upon between the Engineer and the Contractor. In the event of disagreement the Engineer shall fix such rates or prices as are, in his opinion, appropriate and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer. Until such time as rates or prices are agreed or fixed, the Engineer shall determine provisional rates or prices to enable on-account payments to be included in certificates issued in accordance with Clause 60.
Question In a lump sum Contract (where the Works would not be re-measured), the Drawings show 200 m of boundary wall, but it is given in the Bill of Quantities (by the Employer), and priced (by the Contractor) as follows: Boundary Wall 100 m 100/= 10, 000. 00 A variation has been instructed to delete the whole of the boundary wall. Which of the following options would you use in the valuation of this variation: (1) - 100 m @ 100/= = (2) - 200 m @ 100/= = (3) - 200 m @ 50/= = - 10, 000. 00 ? - 20, 000. 00 ? - 10, 000. 00 ?
Lump Sum (Non-Remeasurable) Contracts (A) With only a Schedule of Rates (plus Drawings and Specification) (B) With a Bill of Quantities (plus Drawings and Specification). - BOQ has provision for the Tenderer to price an adjustment in respect of any missing items, errors in item descriptions and differences in quantities (between Dwgs/Spec. and BOQ) (C) With a Bill of Quantities (plus Drawings and Specification). - BOQ does not have a provision for the Tenderer to price an adjustment as above.
Taker-off measures from the drawing and provides the quantity = 200 m Estimator builds-up the rate (say current market price) = 50/= per m Therefore, the Tender Price = 10, 000/= A Boundary Wall B-1 C m 100 50/= m 50/= Insert here any adjustments required due to errors……. Boundary Wall 5, 000/= + 5, 000/= 100 m 100/= 10, 000/=
52. 2 Provided that if the nature or amount of any varied work relative to the nature or amount of the whole of the Works or to any part thereof, is such that, in the opinion of the Engineer, the rate or price contained in the Contract for any item of the Works is, by reason of such varied work, rendered inappropriate or inapplicable, then, after due consultation by the Engineer with the Employer and the Contractor, a suitable rate or price shall be agreed upon between the Engineer and the Contractor. In the event of disagreement the Engineer shall fix such other rate or price as is, in his opinion, appropriate and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer. Until such time rates or prices are agreed or fixed, the Engineer shall determine provisional rates or prices to enable on-account payments to be included in certificates issued in accordance with Clause 60. Provided also that no varied rate or price, or extra payment shall be used in the valuation of varied work or their effects unless, within 14 days of the date of such instruction and, (other than in the case of omitted work), before the commencement of the varied work, notice shall have been given either: (a) by the Contractor to the Engineer of his intention to claim extra payment or a varied rate or price, or (b) by the Engineer to the Contractor of his intention to vary a rate or price.
How Rates / Prices become Inapplicable 1. Economies of Scale (Larger quantities attract lower rates & vice versa) 2. Varied work being carried out under different circumstance 3. Lack of provisions in a BOQ to price the errors / differences to be continued ………………. .
51. 1 The Engineer shall make any variation of the form, quality or quantity of the Works or any part thereof that may, in his opinion, be necessary and for that purpose, or if for any other reason it shall, in his opinion, be appropriate, he shall have the authority to instruct the Contractor to do and the Contractor shall do any of the following: (a) increase or decrease the quantity of any work included in the Contract, (b) omit any such work (but not if the omitted work is to be carried out by the Employer or by another contractor), (c) change the character or quality or kind of any such work, (d) change the levels, lines, position and dimensions of any part of the Works, (e) execute additional work of any kind necessary for the completion of the Works, or (f) change any specified sequence or timing of construction of any part of the Works. No such variation shall in any way vitiate or invalidate the Contract, but the effect, if any, of all such variations shall be valued in accordance with Clause 52. Provided that where the issue of an instruction to vary the Works is necessitated by some default of or breach of contract by the Contractor or for which he is responsible, any additional cost attributable to such default shall be borne by the Contractor.
How Rates / Prices become Inapplicable 1. Economies of Scale (Larger quantities attract lower rates & vice versa) 2. Varied work being carried out under different circumstance 3. Lack of provisions in a BOQ to price the errors / differences 4. Instructing variations which are neither necessary nor appropriate to be continued ………………. .
49. 2 To the intent that the Works shall, at or as soon as practicable after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be delivered to the Employer in the condition required by the Contract, fair wear and tear excepted, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Contractor shall: (a) complete the work, if any, outstanding on the date stated in the Taking-Over Certificate as soon as practicable after such date, and (b) execute all such work of amendment, reconstruction, and remedying defects, shrinkages or other faults as the Engineer may, during the Defects Liability Period or within 14 days after its expiration, as a result of an inspection made by or on behalf of the Engineer prior to its expiration, instruct the Contractor to execute.
How Rates / Prices become Inapplicable 1. Economies of Scale (Larger quantities attract lower rates & vice versa) 2. Varied work being carried out under different circumstance 3. Lack of provisions in a BOQ to price the errors / differences 4. Instructing variations which are neither necessary nor appropriate 5. Instructing variations after the Works is taken-over (except as in Cl. 49. 2) to be continued ………………. .
27. 1 (b) 31. 1 (d) 36. 5 (b) 38. 2 (a) 40. 2 (b) 42. 2 (b) 50. 1 (a) 59. 1 (d) 69. 4 (b) lls t fa ei 7. 1 (a) er 13. 1 (a) 17. 1 (a) 18. 1 (a) 20. 3 (a) 31. 2 (a) No Cost 49. 3 (a) 51. 1 (a) 65. 3 (a) Sub-Clause 44. 1 wh 12. 2 (b) 5. 2 (a) lie s (b) Provisions in the Contract ss 6. 4 Cost+P Lo Cost 44. 1(c) (a) Extra or Additional Work (b) Delay referred to in the Conditions of Contract (c) Climatic Conditions (d) Delay, impediment or prevention by Employer (e) Other Special Circumstances
52. 2 Provided that if the nature or amount of any varied work relative to the nature or amount of the whole of the Works or to any part thereof, is such that, in the opinion of the Engineer, the rate or price contained in the Contract for any item of the Works is, by reason of such varied work, rendered inappropriate or inapplicable, then, after due consultation by the Engineer with the employer and the Contractor, a suitable rate or price shall be agreed upon between the Engineer and the Contractor. In the event of disagreement the Engineer shall fix such other rate or price as is, in his opinion, appropriate and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer. Until such time rates or prices are agreed or fixed, the Engineer shall determine provisional rates or prices to enable on-account payments to be included in certificates issued in accordance with Clause 60. Provided also that no varied work instructed to be done by the Engineer pursuant to Clause 51 shall be valued under Sub-Clause 52. 1 or under this Sub-Clause unless, within 14 days of the date of such instruction and other than in the case of omitted work, before the commencement of the varied work, notice shall have been either: (a) by the Contractor to the Engineer of his intention to claim extra payment or a varied rate or price, or (b) by the Engineer to the Contractor of his intention to vary a rate or price.
How Rates / Prices become Inapplicable 1. Economies of Scale (Larger quantities attract lower rates & vice versa) 2. Varied work being carried out under different circumstance 3. Lack of provisions in a BOQ to price the errors / differences 4. Instructing variations which are neither necessary nor appropriate 5. Instructing variations after the Works is taken-over (except as in Cl. 49. 2) 6. Where Rates / Prices become the vehicle for paying prolongation costs to be continued ………………. .
CONTROL FORECAST Time Clause 14 Programme Quality Specifications/Drawings/ Standards Cost Priced Bill of Quantities
Objects of the Method of Bill of Quantities Measurement 2. 4 The objects of the Bill of Quantities are : (a) to provide such information of the quantities of work as to enable tenders to be prepared efficiently and accurately. The object of a good method of measurement is to set forth the procedure/rules according to which, the Bill of Quantities should : (a) describe as accurate (but as simple and brief) as possible, the work to be priced. (b) when a contract has been entered into, to provide for use of the priced Bill of Quantities in the valuation of work executed. (b) distinguish between items of work of different nature, and between work of same nature but having different cost considerations. - CESMM 3 (c) allow for separating any costs not proportional to quantities.
How Rates / Prices become Inapplicable 1. Economies of Scale (Larger quantities attract lower rates & vice versa) 2. Varied work being carried out under different circumstance 3. Lack of provisions in a BOQ to price the errors / differences 4. Instructing variations which are neither necessary nor appropriate 5. Instructing variations after the Works is taken-over (except as in Cl. 49. 2) 6. Where Rates / Prices become the vehicle for paying prolongation costs 7. Single item in BOQ for several circumstances requiring average rate/price 8. Lack of provisions in the BOQ to separate costs not proportional to quantity to be continued ………………. .
How Rates / Prices become Inapplicable 1. Economies of Scale (Larger quantities attract lower rates & vice versa) 2. Varied work being carried out under different circumstance 3. Lack of provisions in a BOQ to price the errors / differences 4. Instructing variations which are neither necessary nor appropriate 5. Instructing variations after the Works is taken-over (except as in Cl. 49. 2) 6. Where Rates / Prices become the vehicle for paying prolongation costs 7. Single item in BOQ for several circumstances requiring average rate/price 8. Lack of provisions in the BOQ to separate costs not proportional to quantity 9. Fluctuation of labour, material & other costs (Subsequent Legislation- 70. 2) 10. Instructing variations beyond the fixed/firm price duration to be continued ………………. .
52. 2 Provided that if the nature or amount of any varied work relative to the nature or amount of the whole of the Works or to any part thereof, is such that, in the opinion of the Engineer, the rate or price contained in the Contract for any item of the Works is, by reason of such varied work, rendered inappropriate or inapplicable, then, after due consultation by the Engineer with the employer and the Contractor, a suitable rate or price shall be agreed upon between the Engineer and the Contractor. In the event of disagreement the Engineer shall fix such other rate or price as is, in his opinion, appropriate and shall notify the Contractor accordingly, with a copy to the Employer. Until such time rates or prices are agreed or fixed, the Engineer shall determine provisional rates or prices to enable on-account payments to be included in certificates issued in accordance with Clause 60. Provided also that no varied work instructed to be done by the Engineer pursuant to Clause 51 shall be valued under Sub-Clause 52. 1 or under this Sub-Clause unless, within 14 days of the date of such instruction and other than in the case of omitted work, before the commencement of the varied work, notice shall have been either: (a) by the Contractor to the Engineer of his intention to claim extra payment or a varied rate or price, or (b) by the Engineer to the Contractor of his intention to vary a rate or price.
How Rates / Prices become Inapplicable 1. Economies of Scale (Larger quantities attract lower rates & vice versa) 2. Varied work being carried out under different circumstance 3. Lack of provisions in a BOQ to price the errors / differences 4. Instructing variations which are neither necessary nor appropriate 5. Instructing variations after the Works is taken-over (except as in Cl. 49. 2) 6. Where Rates / Prices become the vehicle for paying prolongation costs 7. Single item in BOQ for several circumstances requiring average rate/price 8. Lack of provisions in the BOQ to separate costs not proportional to quantity 9. Fluctuation of labour, material & other costs (Subsequent Legislation- 70. 2) 10. Instructing variations beyond the fixed/firm price duration 11. Necessity to restore an under-recovery when an omission is instructed 12. Quantum Meruit
Henry Boot Construction v Alstom Combined Cycles (1999) ……………… the rate in the contract for steel sheet piling was twice what it should have been. When a variation was instructed for more sheet piling, the Contractor argued that the contract rate should apply. The Employer countered that a fair valuation should be made for the additional sheet piling. (Additional work was carried out under similar conditions to the original work). Held that the work is of similar character and executed under similar conditions to the work priced in the Bill of Quantities and therefore the BOQ rate will apply. The fact that the BOQ rates are too high or too low is irrelevant. The parties to the contract have agreed in the contract that they will be used to value variations.
Sound Contract Administration 1. Variations and Valuation of “varied work” 2. Contractor’s Entitlement to Extension of Time and Prolongation Costs. 3. Dealing with Concurrent Delays. 4. Notices, Detailed Particulars and Calculation of Prolongation Costs 5. Sub-Clause 52. 3 & its Effect on Prolongation Costs. 6. Formulae for the Recovery of Head Office Overheads. (Hudson, Emden, Eichleay, Hank-Laan and Samaratunga) 7. Drafting the Contract Agreement. 8. Cost Control & Methods of Measurement. 9. Dispute resolution, Arbitration and ADR. 10. Sound Management & Administration.
Cont. Admin. – Advanced Course 1. Omission, Suspension & Termination – Part 1 2. Omission, Suspension & Termination – Part 2 3. Omission, Suspension & Termination – Part 3 4. Introduction to FIDIC 1999 5. Variations and Valuation of Variations Under FIDIC 1999 6. Extension of Time and Prolongation Costs Under FIDIC 1999
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