REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY THE JEFFERSONIAN VISION Chapter 8

REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSONIAN VISION Chapter 8

Republican Identities in a New Republic n An age of rapid population growth – 7. 2 million in 1810; two million more than 1800 – 20% black slaves – children under 16 the largest single group Strong regional identities n Early secession movements threaten national unity n

North America in 1800

Westward the Course of Empire Intense migration to West after 1790 n New States n – – – n Kentucky--1792 Tennessee--1796 Ohio--1803 Western regional culture rootless, optimistic

Native American Resistance Western settlers compete for Indian land n Indians resist n – – n Tecumseh leads Shawnees, defeated Creeks defeated Settlers reject Indian-White coexistence

Commercial Life in the Cities Economy based on agriculture and trade n American shipping prospers 1793 -1805 n Cities associated with international trade, otherwise marginal role in national life n Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmen n

I. The Political Crisis of the 1790 s “Revolution of 1800” 1. The Election of 1800

The Jeffersonian Revolution n n n Well over 6 feet tall Not a good public speaker. One of the greatest writers among U. S. Pres. A renaissance man Incredibly well-read in science and philosophy Cont. Congress; assemblyman; Gov. of Virginia. ; Author of Dec. of Independence; Min. to France; Sec. of State; Vice Pres.

Election of 1800 n n n n Adams v. Jefferson again. Close again. Aaron Burr runs as Dem. -Rep. Vice President Jefferson wins this time, 73 to 65. Why do Federalists lose support? Election is very personal (ie “dirty”) New York is the key swing state. NY delivered to Jefferson by Aaron Burr through his connections in the state. Jefferson strongest in west and south where white male farmers (yeomen) dominated.

FEDERALIST ATTACKS GET PERSONAL This anti-Jefferson cartoon highlights the rumors that the Virginia politician kept a black mistress. In the late 19 th century, DNA evidence that Jefferson did indeed father children with Sally Hemmings, his slave and also his wife’s half-sister.

Election of 1800

Election of 1800 n n n . Aaron Burr problem. Vice Presidential election and electoral college before the 12 th Amendment Tie threw election into House Burr’s reaction Why did Hamilton help Jefferson?

THE ELECTION OF 1800 John Adams (left) and Thomas Jefferson (right) squared off for the presidency for a second time in 1800. It was the first and only instance in American history when a sitting President and Vice President ran against each other.

Revolution of 1800 Ø Election of 1800 arguably the most significant in US History. Why?

The Federalist Finale Adams was the last Federalist president. Ø Federalist as halfway house between European past and American present. Ø Why didn’t Federalists appeal to more voters? Ø Stayed a party for another 20 years, but never won the presidency. Ø Federalists, like the dinosaurs, couldn’t adapt and so became extinct

Jefferson’s Political Principles Themes of inaugural Ø Jefferson’s political principles Ø l l l Rejected the idea of a political elite. Backbone of democracy was the free, independent farmer. Universal suffrage without regard to property ownership. Small government—governs best when it governs least. Strict construction of the Constitution.

Jeffersonian Restraint Ø Jefferson’s first priority was to undue abuses by the Federalists. l l Ø Pardoned those convicted under the Alien and Sedition Act Pushed a new naturalization law (1802) that reduced residence requirement back to five years. Repealed the excise tax—cost US 1 Mill. per year in lost revenue. reduced the national debt What does he do to the core of Hamilton’s financial program.

Jefferson as President Jefferson personifies Republicanism’s contradictions n Despises ceremonies and formality n Dedicated to intellectual pursuits n A politician to the core n Success depends on cooperation with Congress n

Jeffersonian Reforms Priority to cutting federal debt, taxes n Federal expenses trimmed by cutting military n Reduction of the army removes threat to Republican government n Competent bureaucrats retained regardless of party n Federalists retire from public life n Ambitious Federalists become Republicans n

II. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution The Jeffersonian Presidency 1. Policies 2. Marbury v. Madison Jefferson and the West 1. The Louisiana Purchase 2. Secessionist Schemes 3. Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandan and Sioux

The Louisiana Purchase 1801 --France buys Louisiana from Spain n 1803 --Jefferson sends a mission to France to buy New Orleans n Napoleon offers to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million n Constitution vague on Congressional authority to purchase n Purchase departs from Republican principle of strict separation n

The Louisiana Purchase (2) Louisiana inhabitants French & Spanish n Jefferson denies them self-rule n Louisiana governed from Washington n Another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism n

The Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of Louisiana n Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean November 1805 n Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirms Jefferson's desire to purchase n

The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and Clark

II. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution A. The Expanding Republic and Native American Resistance 1. Conflict over Land Rights 2. Assimilation Rejected

II. The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution B. Migration and the Changing Farm Economy 1. Southern Migrants 2. Exodus from New England 3. Innovation on Eastern Farms

Conflict With the Barbary States North African states demand tribute from ships sailing in Mediterranean n Jefferson dispatches U. S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon” n U. S. cannot defeat the Barbary States n Action induces respect for U. S. rights n

The Barbary States

Jefferson’s Critics Dispute over federal court system n Conflicts between Republicans n Sectional dispute over the slave trade n

Judiciary Act off 1801 n n n Last ditch effort to hold power “midnight judges”. Chief Justice John Marshall – Shaped American legal tradition and meaning of the Constitution more profoundly than any other single figure. – Served as Chief Justice for 34 years

Attack on the Judges: Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new circuit courts filled with loyal Federalists n 1802 --Jeffersonians seek to repeal Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courts n Federalists charge violation of judges’ Constitutional right of tenure n

Marbury v Madison Marshall’s first and one of his most important legacies n Basic Facts n “Writ of Mandamus” n Ruling n – Judicial Review – Consequences

Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. Madison n Marbury v. Madison (1803) rules Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional n Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship n Republicans claim victory n Chief Justice John Marshall ensures Federalist influence through judicial review

Attack on the Judges: Impeachments 1803 --Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanity n Republicans begin fearing the destruction of an independent judiciary n Jefferson exacerbates fears by seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel Chase n Republican Senate refuses to convict n

Politics of Desperation: The Yazoo Controversy n Yazoo controversy – – – n fraudulent land case in Georgia Jefferson attempts to settle by providing land to innocent parties Quids complain settlement condones fraud Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – – Marshall court upholds Jefferson’s settlement court may nullify unconstitutional state laws

Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks with Jefferson n 1804 --Burr seeks Federalist support in 1804 New York governor’s race n Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s efforts n Burr kills Hamilton in a duel n

The Burr Conspiracy Burr flees West after Hamilton duel n Schemes to invade Spanish territory n Burr arrested, tried for treason n John Marshall acquits on Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidence n Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason as a political tool n

The Slave Trade Congress prohibits slave trade after 1808 n Northern Republicans call for emancipation of any black smuggled into the U. S. n Southern Republicans win passage of law to hand such persons over to state authorities n

America: A Neutral? Power? British Orders in Council in 1806 n Napoleon’s response? n Why does US see this as violation of its rights? n England impresses over 6000 US sailors between 1808 -11. n England refused to stop. n

HMS Leopard v. US Chesapeake 1807

Jefferson’s Backfiring Embargo National Outrage and Honor required US to do something n Pros and cons of US options. n Embargo Act (1807) n – Assumed this would quickly bring England France around.

Embargo n n Most people HATED it. Why? . – New England Federalist particularly mad. – What did they argue? . Consequences: – Three times more costly than war would have been. – Ultimately did help New England factories. Fostered American industry. – Ruined U. S. Shipping (merchant marine)

Federalist Cartoon?

Non-Intercourse Act March 1809, just before Jefferson left office, Congress repealed the embargo and substituted the Non. Intercourse Act n Non-Intercourse Act did hurt England, and they repealed Orders in Council, but too late to avoid War of 1812 n

Embargo Divides the Nation 1807 --Congress prohibits U. S. ships from leaving port n Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rights n Embargo unpopular at home n – – – detailed government oversight of commerce army suppresses smuggling New England economy damaged

James Madison n Became 4 th President in 1809. 5 -4, 100 lb. , weak voice. Very distinguished career: – Cont. Congress, Congressman, Const. Convention, Sec. of State. n n Not very successful as President. Party broken by factions; Madison- not a strong leader. Dolly Madison, first true First Lady who acted as social hostess.

Madison: Dupe Of Napoleon n Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Disingenuous about trade? n n n Napoleon tricks Madison into believing France would comply. Sets US on course antagonistic to England. “War Hawks” War Hawks pushing for War against England. – Why? – Henry Clay; John C. Calhoun

“War Hawks” John C. Calhoun [SC] Henry Clay [KY]

War of 1812 n June 1812 militant War Hawks get a declaration of war from Congress, – very narrow vote, signaling a dangerous division in the country n n Federalists strongly opposed Dubbed it “Mr. Madison’s War”

III. The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics C. The Federalist Legacy 1. Marshall’s Federalist Law 2. Asserting National Supremacy 3. Upholding Vested Property Rights 4. The Diplomacy of J. Q. Adams 5. Monroe Doctrine

Battling Indians in the West n War Hawks believed Brits stirring up Indians in the West. – Kentucky Problem n Tecumseh and the Prophet (Tenskawatawa). Shawnee Brothers – Began a tribal confederacy east of the Mississippi. – Attacked Settlers on “their” land.

Indian Battles n Nov 1811 General William Henry Harrison (9 th president) attacked Tecumseh’s headquarters at Tippecanoe, Indiana n 1814 Andrew Jackson (7 th President) crushed Creek Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Alabama) – Significance?

The Strange War of 1812: Early Course n Americans unprepared for war – – n Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes New England refuses to support war effort United States Army small state militias inadequate 1813 --U. S. wins control of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In Bay

Strange War of 1812: The War’s Conclusion n 1814 --three-pronged English attack – campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley stopped at Lake Champlain – campaign in the Chesapeake results in burning of Washington, siege of Baltimore – campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815 n Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814

Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Federalists convene December, 1814 n Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power of South and West n Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Orleans makes Convention appear disloyal n Federalist party never recovers n

Treaty of Ghent Ends the War Most problems left unaddressed n Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of Ghent n Americans claim success in a "second war of independence" n

Republican Legacy Founders begin to pass away in 1820 s n Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die July 4, 1826 n James Madison dies in 1836 n – despairs that Declaration’s principles not yet extended to African Americans

Post War of 1812 Nationalism 1816 -1824 “The Era of Good (&Bad) Feelings? ”

Monroe’s Presidency : Era of Good Feelings Elections of 1816 and 1820 n One Party Politics n

Henry Clay’s American System n n n National Bank Protective Tariff Federal Internal Improvements (Transportation)

Second Bank of the United States (2 nd BUS)

The Panic of 1819 n Origins of the Panic of 1819 – Drop in American foodstuff exports – Easy credit and speculative boom in the U. S. n Second Bank of the United States – Langdon Cheves n n n Nationwide collapse in the economy Rise in unemployment Resentment against the Bank of the United States