Renewable energy & water UK experience good and bad Ecoweek 17/3/10 Brian Mark, Technical Director
To help understand my view International consulting engineers § Founding member of UKGBC § Steering groups of CSH, Zero Carbon Hub, UKGBC/ZCH, Sustainable Community Infrastructure Report § Author of energy content of CABE Sustainable Cities Web site, Eco-towns design reviewer § Member of Renewables Advisory Board § Energy/sustainability strategists for nearly 100, 000 future UK homes § Learning to be planners as Energy has entered the UK spatial planning system Page 2
A HISTORY OF FULCRUM DESIGNS Continued, controlled, innovation…. . Page 3
BUILDING REGULATIONS TRAJECTORY…. THE UK TIMETABLE TO ZERO CARBON § Government’s timeline: Dwellings: 2016 Education buildings: 2016 Government buildings: 2018 All other: 2019 § Zero Carbon taskforces: reinforcing the need for step change § Zero Carbon Hub: engaging industry Page 4
SOME DRIVERS THAT CAN’T BE IGNORED BECAUSE THEY ARE LINKED TO BINDING TARGETS § The UK Climate Change Act - 80% CO 2 reduction by 2050 § The Renewables Obligation, the EU 2020 Directive – 15% renewable UK energy by 2020 (<2% now) Greece? § The Dec 2008 EU Waste Directive (to become the 2010 UK Waste Strategy) – Possibly tough reuse targets, W 2 E only counting when efficient (60% for existing, 65% for new plant) THIS NEEDS CHP or equivalent efficiency conversion, what will Greece do? Page 5 § PPS 1 and the Planning and Climate Change Supplement – Plan only for sustainable development that reduces climate change (mitigation) and survives it when it happens (adaptation). Combined with PPS 22 in new consultation PPS from 8/3/10 Present responsibility for evidence based local studies to identify opportunities for additional renewable energy and decentralised energy generation strengthened along with need to adapt Core Strategy to maximise uptake
DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON CHANGES WITH VIABILITY TESTS – EU EPBD 2 MAY IMPOSE THE SAME JOURNEY ON GREECE CURRENT REQUIREMENTS § Net carbon dioxide emissions resulting from ALL energy used in the dwelling are zero or better § Requires ALL renewable energy to be generated on-site or delivered via Private Wire PROPOSED REQUIREMENTS § Hierarchical approach requiring: - High-levels of energy efficiency (39 or 46 Kwh/m 2) - Mandatory level of on-site carbon mitigation (including district heating) but Citiworks EU Judgement? - “Allowable solutions” for dealing with the remaining emissions Page 6
NOT MANY URBAN MICROGENERATION OPTIONS § Solar Thermal High UK £ /Kg CO 2 saved because of complexity. The simple Greek systems work very well § Ground Source Cooling / Heating On balance in the UK it’s a good idea. In Greece use stored winter or dry period adiabatic cooling in summer to allow heat pump efficiency to count towards 2020 § Wind Turbines Not enough urban wind, Go large!! § Photovoltaic Cells Insufficient money without Fi. T or roof on high density development - beware dust §Biomass/Waste Central rather than small plant for better audit/control of emissions, should it be for transport anyway? Page 7
What a 2016 2 -bed flat would have needed excluding wind if the UK definition of zero carbon construction had not evolved beware EU EPBD 2 ! § 48 m 2 polycrystalline PV panel or § 38 m 2 polycrystalline PV panel + 3 m 2 evacuated tube or 4 m 2 flat plate solar thermal panel or § 30 m 2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating and hot water or § 26 m 2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space heating only + 3 m 2 evacuated tube or 4 m 2 flat plate solar thermal panel or § 23 m 2 polycrystalline PV panel + biomass boiler Page 8
ENERGY HIERARCHY REQUIRED BY GLA PLANNING SYSTEM FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT ENERGY HIERARCHY APPROACH TO OPTIMISE CO 2 SAVING Energy use and CO 2 reductions to be achieved through the waste minimisation cost/benefit hierarchy defined as: § Demand reduction (Lean) § Efficient provision of services (Clean) § Application of 20% renewable energy (Green) § Green roofs for adaptation response Page 9
HOUSING SCENARIOS Best fit solution depends on density Independent Approach Hybrid Hub Independent/ Community Approach Energy Centre Biomass Boiler Ground Storage System All buildings treated separately – meeting CO 2 targets via integrated systems Page 10 A hybrid approach with energy centres and standalone building systems in combination Buildings linked to energy centres via community scale infrastructure
CONSULTATION: DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON HOMES AND NON DOMESTIC BUILDINGS Allowable solutions § Carbon compliance beyond the minimum standards up to 100% of total energy § Energy efficient appliances or advanced controls systems § Exporting LZC heat/cooling to existing properties § Section 106 Planning Obligations § Retrofitting EE measures to existing stock § Investment in LZC energy infrastructure (within UK and with ‘benefits of ownership’ passed to purchaser) § Off-site renewable electricity via ‘direct physical connection’ § Any other measures that Government might announce as eligible i. e. CARBON FUNDS Page 11 Hierarchical Approach § Energy efficiency § ‘Carbon compliance’ § ‘Allowable solutions’
RENEWABLE ENERGY Past, present and future § UK Renewables Obligation target (20% in the grid by 2020) 5. 6% now, should have been about 9% § For the EU 2020 RE Directive the grid will need to be at least 30% renewable, more if EU Biofuels Directive rescinded! § The UK now has to import gas i. e. making our own future energy is a strategic concern § Built environment has a sector delivery target driven through both Building Regulations and Planning Page 12
LOW CARBON ENERGY , COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) Local electricity generation that makes use of the waste heat CHP Can also generate cooling via tri-generation Page 13
SO WHAT TO DO? A POSSIBLE CLUE … City scale CHP … Copenhagen and virtually everywhere else in developed Europe/Scandinavia with modern exemplary sustainable communities (Malmo, Freiburg etc) § One of largest retrofitted communal energy systems in the World § Heating 50 million M 2 of built area § Connects four CHP plants, four waste incinerators and more than 50 peak load boiler plants to more than 20 distribution companies in one pool -operated system § Total heat production of around 30, 000 TJ. Page 14
FOLLOW THE SCANDINAVIAN MODEL : UK BIOENERGY CONTRIBUTION IN 2020 RE Strategy projection for 2020 RAB Projection for 2020 § 238 TWh renewables § 250 TWh renewables § 111 TWh bioenergy (46%) § 126 TWh bioenergy (50%) Electricity 11% Offshore wind Transport 20% 18% Offshore wind 19% 15% 14% Onshore wind 15% 6% Other Page 15 Other Transport Electricity Heat 19% Heat 13% 22% 11% 13% Onshore wind Other 4% Other
FUEL TO MEET 2020 SUSTAINABLY: WASTE WHILE EU DERIVES STANDARDS Data are the energy content of the fuels Waste wood 17% 4% Paper and card § Requirement = 575 PJ § UK biowaste = ~270 PJ (32 million tonnes) 2% Garden / plant waste 53% Imports and Energy Crops 17 million tonnes 8% Cereal straw 6% Forestry residues, sawmill wastes etc 3% Poultry manure 1% Sewage sludge 5% Wet wastes Page 16
Waste to Energy Technologies § Incineration based- has to have good quality emissions under the EU Waste Incineration Directive: no known health problem from compliant W 2 E plant § Gasification- partial combustion at aprox 650 o. C with limited air availability to drive off volatile gasses: difficult to control and can therefore be wasteful and innefficient § Pyrolysis- heating in the absence of air at aprox 950 o. C can reform hydrocarbons (plastics) or carbohydrates (biomass) into methane or hydrogen § Lignocellulosic hydrolysis- an old technology known as 2 nd generation biofuel production capable of capturing waste heat and converting waste fibrous biomass into bioethanol for transport use (1 tonne of waste fibre can be converted to 300 L of bioethanol Page 17
STRATEGY FOR BIOMASS IN THE UK Maximum use of waste materials in the biomass supply; AD, gasification and pyrolysis open new uses for waste Maximum use of indigenous biomass supply; 2 nd and 3 rd generation technologies, leading to increased use in aviation biofuel, biocomposites and renewable chemicals RO banding Review, RHI, Revised RTFO Energy from Waste Policy, Revised Planning Guidance, RED sustainability implementation, Biomass sustainability criteria, Bioenergy in Transport Strategy, Fuel Quality accreditation Page 18 Taken from DECC Presentation for the Renewables Advisory Board 25 January 2010
URBAN HEAT NETWORKS AND ATES Many cities demonstrate simultaneous heat demand from some buildings and heat excess in others Page 19
AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (ATES) Page 20
Urban heat efficiency, don’t make climate change even more dangerous Page 21
Integrated Water and Waste Management must consider: - § Reduction of water consumption § Re-use options, with different scales & issues - Rainwater Harvesting - Greywater Harvesting § Groundwater abstraction § Sewage treatment is organic waste treatment, use anaerobic digestion for energy advantage before converting to CO 2 and cleaner water by composting § Wet landscaping § Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) Page 22
Reduction of water consumption § In UK 165 L/person now- future target of 125 § In UK Code for Sustainable Homes requires Levels 1&2 : 125 L, 3&4 : 105 L, 5&6 80 L § 105 L/person achievable with use minimisation techniques, 80 L/person requires greywater recycling or rainwater harvesting § No government appetite for regional water use targets, Wales at 2. 0 m/yr rainfall and low development has the same target as London with 0. 75 m/yr and major growth Page 23
Greywater Recycling § Indevidual recycling units require constant maintenance or filters block, unit reverts to mains use and no water is saved § Users often do not alert the need for maintenance as they prefer the “look” of non recycled water § Individual units use bromine for disinfection – is this good for municipal biological treatment of waste water in the long term when we have only just worked out that chlorine is bad? § Needs spoil excavated and disposed of for the underground receiver tank, a new pipework system, pumps, controls etc- is this good if lack of water is not a regional sustainability concern? § In Greece water stress is a much more prevailing issue than in the UK but a communal non potable water supply would be a better answer, similarly indevidual rainwater storage would suffer problems with water quality deterioration due to higher mean temperatures during the low rainfall seasons and a centralised approach (as probably already exists) may well be best Page 24
Wet landscaping is the best Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) § Return the rivers to their original function, controlling flooding, enabling wetland ecosystems, nutrient and fresh water recycling before rivers pollute and damage the sea- Marine Dead Zones!! Page 25
The End Brian Mark, Technical Director Mott Mac. Donald Fulcrum Brian. mark@mottmac. com Page 26
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